via:
: komalkrishna.blogspot.com
: komalkrishna.blogspot.com
CHAPER ONE
PIANO
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
It was evening. A woman was playing on the piano and singing to the speaker. Her song made him think of his childhood days. When he was a little boy and would sit under the piano. The piano would make a loud unpleasant sound. He would press his mother's feet. But she would continue playing on the piano without being disturbed and smile at her son. The speaker tried to control himself and remain with the singer in the present time. But the lady's song was so skilful that it took him again his boyhood days. When the family would sing religious song in their warm sitting room on Sunday evening, the piano played by his mother would guide him and other family members. Now the speaker did not like the song of the woman at all, because it had completed its task by taking him to his passed days with his mother. Therefore it sounded to him like a loud noise. He wanted to forget his present manhood and wish to become a child. After this he wept openly like a child.
INTERPRETATION
This poem may be tying to telling us that music take us back to our happy past. It may also be interpreted to mean that motherly love is superior to sensual love. The attraction of childhood makes us forget our manhood. More over "piano" is the poem about the power of memory.
CRITICAL THINKING
I don't agree with the speaker because being a man he wipes openly in the presents of a woman. His pride of being man does not allow him to do so. The poet has rightly observed that one can not be satisfy with the presents if he is reminded of happy past days.
ASSIMILATION
This poem has help me to understand myself batter. A nostalgic (ctLtsf ;'vb ;D´gf) feeling is equally found in human being. I have also desire to belong to my past. Sometime I think if I were a child' I would not have to be worried about my present difficult time.
PIANO
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
It was evening. A woman was playing on the piano and singing to the speaker. Her song made him think of his childhood days. When he was a little boy and would sit under the piano. The piano would make a loud unpleasant sound. He would press his mother's feet. But she would continue playing on the piano without being disturbed and smile at her son. The speaker tried to control himself and remain with the singer in the present time. But the lady's song was so skilful that it took him again his boyhood days. When the family would sing religious song in their warm sitting room on Sunday evening, the piano played by his mother would guide him and other family members. Now the speaker did not like the song of the woman at all, because it had completed its task by taking him to his passed days with his mother. Therefore it sounded to him like a loud noise. He wanted to forget his present manhood and wish to become a child. After this he wept openly like a child.
INTERPRETATION
This poem may be tying to telling us that music take us back to our happy past. It may also be interpreted to mean that motherly love is superior to sensual love. The attraction of childhood makes us forget our manhood. More over "piano" is the poem about the power of memory.
CRITICAL THINKING
I don't agree with the speaker because being a man he wipes openly in the presents of a woman. His pride of being man does not allow him to do so. The poet has rightly observed that one can not be satisfy with the presents if he is reminded of happy past days.
ASSIMILATION
This poem has help me to understand myself batter. A nostalgic (ctLtsf ;'vb ;D´gf) feeling is equally found in human being. I have also desire to belong to my past. Sometime I think if I were a child' I would not have to be worried about my present difficult time.
CHAPER TWO
YUDHISTHIRA'S WISDOM
LITERAL COMPREHANSION
While running after a deer in the forest, the pandava brothers became thirsty. It was hot and they were tired. Then yudhisthira sent sahadev, one of his brothers to look for water. When he did not return, he sends the other three brothers one at a time. When none of them returned he himself went to look for them. He saw them lying on the ground near a pool. They were either dead or unconscious. Yudhisthira did not no that they had ignored a yakshya's warning not to drink the water of his pool until they answer his questions. Although Yudhisthira was very thirsty, he obeyed the yakshya and answers all his questions correctly. The Yakshya was pleased with him ready to revive (bring back to life) one of his brothers. Then Yudhisthira chose Nakula on the moral ground. Pleased with Yudhisthira's righteousness, the Yakshya showed himself as yama, and revived the entire four brother. He then advised them to go to Matcha and also promised to help them when they were in danger.
INTERPRETATION
This story may be trying to tell us some thing about the importance of patience, obedience to god's wisdom and right conduct. Without these qualities, the pandava brothers would not have become successful. This story can also be interpreted to mean that righteousness make us feel good here on earth. In other word good actions are immediately rewarded.
CRITICAL THINKING
An atheist may ask a lot of questions about this beautiful story. Do gods really exist? If they exist what is the proof for their existence? Is righteousness always rewarded? Aren’t the good people ever in trouble? In spite of such questions, the answer given by Yudhisthira is very simple. I am very much satisfied with the answers to the questions, "what can a man give up and immediately become rich?" "it is desire." If we have no desire we can really be happy.
ASSIMILATION
This tale has influence me very much. All the answers are Yudhisthira are simple but very powerful. If we follow his wisdom we can make our life successful. I also knew that the value of wisdom and patience. We should be as patience as Yudhisthira in time of danger
Chapter Three
THE BRAVE LITTLE PARROT
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Once the Buddha was born as a little parrot in a jungle. One day a fire broke out in his jungle home because of lighting and thundering. So they run here and there to save his life first. As he was flying to the river, he sows the suffering animals bellow, trapped in the burning jungle. Then he wanted to save them. A wonderful idea came to his mind to putout the fire. He dipped in to the river water and flew back to the burning forest and released the water attached with his wings. He rapidly flew to the river and brought water. Seeing this, some of the gods in the heaven laugh at the foolishness of the parrot, but one of them was moved and flew down to the parrot in the form of golden eagle. He then advised to the parrot to save his own life. But the parrot did not like his advice. He needed his help. In order to help the parrot the god in the form of golden eagle began to weep. His tears put out the fire in a jungle. All the burned plant and animals were restored freshly. The animal prays the brave little parrot and the wonderful rain.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that good intension (lgot) is always rewarded and that the action is batter than advice. It was the parrot's good intension which made the god help him and thus he was able to save all the animals. So the proverb "heaven helps those who help themselves" is certainly true. This story may also be interpreted to mean that xxxxxxxxx is the surest weapon against danger because the parrot was able to bring everything out of danger
CRITICAL THINKING
A skeptic may raise the so many questions about this beautiful story. Do gods exist? Is reincarnation possible? Can tears putout the burned plant and animals back to life? As a reader we should read the deep meaning of the story, not the surface meaning. If we do so, many things become clear to us
A skeptic may raise the so many questions about this beautiful story. Do gods exist? Is reincarnation possible? Can tears putout the burned plant and animals back to life? As a reader we should read the deep meaning of the story, not the surface meaning. If we do so, many things become clear to us
ASSIMILATION
When I read this story for the first time I also considered that the parrot was a fool. But as I thought about it seriously, I understood the value of his action. I compare his action to an individual's task of building his nation. It is true that a single person can not do much for his or her nation. If the person can inspire the whole mass to do something for the country, he or she is really great. The vision to the great leaders seems meaningless in the beginning. But when it is put in to practice it can really build the nation great.
When I read this story for the first time I also considered that the parrot was a fool. But as I thought about it seriously, I understood the value of his action. I compare his action to an individual's task of building his nation. It is true that a single person can not do much for his or her nation. If the person can inspire the whole mass to do something for the country, he or she is really great. The vision to the great leaders seems meaningless in the beginning. But when it is put in to practice it can really build the nation great.
CHAPTER FOUR
KING DEVID'S CRIME
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Once King Devid send joub, his commander to fight, but he himself remained at Jerusalem. One evening he saw Bathshiba a beautiful woman taking a bath. She was the wife of Uriah an officer in the battle field. The king sent for her and lay with her. When she became pregnant he asked joub to send Uriah. When Uriah came to the palace, the king asked him to go home, but Uriah refused to do so because his commander had been in the battle field. When he did not go home the second time, the king send him to the battle field with a letter to joub. Then joub appointed him to the forefront as ordered by the king an Uriah was killed. This massage was send to the king. And Bathshiba mourned (avL{ afg'{) for her husband. When the mourning was over the king married her and she bore him a son. But god was unhappy with the king.
INTERPRETAION
This story might be trying to tell us that every one is the victim of passion. The rulers use their special power and enjoy it, but other persons suppress (lyrf]ldrf]) this desire. It may also be interpreted to mean that every is excusable in politics. The king is free to do what ever he likes. But an ordinary citizen is punished if he or she does not helps rulers to satisfy their whims (/x/).
CRITICAL THINKING
When I read this story, I had wrong impression of the BIBAL. Aren’t their other gods' characters in the story of BIBAL? Or does king Devid stand for a good king? If he is a good king, what are the other ruler's views? If we read this story as a political story regardless of (jf:tf gul/sg) morality, we can appreciate it. It truly describes human weakness. Even the king is not free from passion.
ASSIMILATION
This story has help me to understand myself batter. It is also taught me that I should not follow the example of a great person if his action is bad. Absolute power corrupts the leadership of the rulers. If the rulers are corrupt the whole society decay (s'lxg'). Now I know why my country has not improved. Immoral and undemocratic politician have used their power for their personal benefits, not for the development of the country. There for the condition of my country becoming worse every day.
KING DEVID'S CRIME
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Once King Devid send joub, his commander to fight, but he himself remained at Jerusalem. One evening he saw Bathshiba a beautiful woman taking a bath. She was the wife of Uriah an officer in the battle field. The king sent for her and lay with her. When she became pregnant he asked joub to send Uriah. When Uriah came to the palace, the king asked him to go home, but Uriah refused to do so because his commander had been in the battle field. When he did not go home the second time, the king send him to the battle field with a letter to joub. Then joub appointed him to the forefront as ordered by the king an Uriah was killed. This massage was send to the king. And Bathshiba mourned (avL{ afg'{) for her husband. When the mourning was over the king married her and she bore him a son. But god was unhappy with the king.
INTERPRETAION
This story might be trying to tell us that every one is the victim of passion. The rulers use their special power and enjoy it, but other persons suppress (lyrf]ldrf]) this desire. It may also be interpreted to mean that every is excusable in politics. The king is free to do what ever he likes. But an ordinary citizen is punished if he or she does not helps rulers to satisfy their whims (/x/).
CRITICAL THINKING
When I read this story, I had wrong impression of the BIBAL. Aren’t their other gods' characters in the story of BIBAL? Or does king Devid stand for a good king? If he is a good king, what are the other ruler's views? If we read this story as a political story regardless of (jf:tf gul/sg) morality, we can appreciate it. It truly describes human weakness. Even the king is not free from passion.
ASSIMILATION
This story has help me to understand myself batter. It is also taught me that I should not follow the example of a great person if his action is bad. Absolute power corrupts the leadership of the rulers. If the rulers are corrupt the whole society decay (s'lxg'). Now I know why my country has not improved. Immoral and undemocratic politician have used their power for their personal benefits, not for the development of the country. There for the condition of my country becoming worse every day.
CHAPTER FIVE
IF NOT HIGHER
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Once a Litvak wants to know where the rabbi of nemeroc went at the time of penitential prayers Every Friday morning. He did not believe that the rabbi went to the heaven as supposed by other people. In order to check the rabbi, he went to the rabbi's room secretly on Thursday evening and passed the night lying laying under his bed. In the morning the rabbi woke up and went to the nearby forest disguising (e]if abn]/) himself as a farmer. The litvak followed him and watch every thing. The Rabbi cut down a tree and caring the wood on his back, he went to a poor sick woman's house. He sold her the wood on credit. And put it in to the oven. Then he resisted (kf7 ug'{) the first portion of the prayer. As he kindle (afNg') the fire he resisted the second portion more happily. When the fire was ready he resisted
the third portion. Seeing all this the litvak become the Rabbi's discriple (r]nf}). And later when people asked him where the Rabbi went at the tine of prayer, he would reply quickly that he went to he heaven certainly although he did not go higher than that.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that to worship humanity is to worship god. So the Rabbi went to the sick woman's house in order to help her instead of going to the praying house. By serving her the Rabbi worship god. This story may also be interpreted to mean that the best way to give advice is to set a good example. Instead of telling people to serve the poor and the helpless, the, Rabbi first served and then he resisted the prayer.
CRITIAL THINKING
An orthodox (k/Dk/fjfbL) may ask so many questions about this beautiful story. Can a man go to heaven in his lifetime? Will a Rabbi work at the time of prayer? Should he not go to the praying house? A man feels satisfy if he can help the people in trouble and dissatisfaction is heavenly pleasure.
ASSIMILATION
When I read this story I remember devkota's poem "Yatri". In the poem the speaker request the traveler to go to the poor and the suffering people. If their wounds (3fp) are healed, the traveler will be happy. We can't see god on earth but we can see him in the form to man. Therefore those who serve human beings in trouble serve god best.
CHAPTER SIX
"PHAEDO"
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Echecrates asked phaedo to tell him about Socrates's death, and phaedo warmly welcomed the chance to remember his friend Socrates in the final hours of his life. He said that it was a surprising experience because although he was witnessing the death of dear friend, he had no pity because the way in which Socrates bravely and happily faced it, unafraid of the unknown. Socrates drank the hemlock (poison) and his friends become quite disturb. Socrates scolds them slightly and said that he had sent the woman away for fear of them reacting with tears. Phaedo said that he felt Ashamed for crying when Socrates was so dignified (dxfg x'g') and the great philosopher and man took his last breath of air before dying. Those who knew him respected highly up to the very end of his life.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that we ought to live our life as long as we gain some thing from it and that we should not be attached to it if it has nothing to offer. It may also be interpreted to mean that the dying man teach us how to live. In other words we can leave the life to the full extent (xb) if we have no fear of death.
CRITICAL THINKING
When we read this story we find it very difficult to believe in what Socrates has done. Can a man drink poison so happily? Doesn't he like to live? Is his principal more important than his life? But this story has defined soul as a traveler. The soul makes a journey from this world to another. If we accept this view, we will dead tolerable.(;xg ;lsg]).
ASSIMILATION
The life of the Socrates has influence me very much. One must have courage enough to declare once conviction and follow it. Socrates did what he had already said. Such a person is really great. If all of as hold the same attitude to life and to other things, we can make our life really valuable. We should live happily and died happily.
IF NOT HIGHER
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Once a Litvak wants to know where the rabbi of nemeroc went at the time of penitential prayers Every Friday morning. He did not believe that the rabbi went to the heaven as supposed by other people. In order to check the rabbi, he went to the rabbi's room secretly on Thursday evening and passed the night lying laying under his bed. In the morning the rabbi woke up and went to the nearby forest disguising (e]if abn]/) himself as a farmer. The litvak followed him and watch every thing. The Rabbi cut down a tree and caring the wood on his back, he went to a poor sick woman's house. He sold her the wood on credit. And put it in to the oven. Then he resisted (kf7 ug'{) the first portion of the prayer. As he kindle (afNg') the fire he resisted the second portion more happily. When the fire was ready he resisted
the third portion. Seeing all this the litvak become the Rabbi's discriple (r]nf}). And later when people asked him where the Rabbi went at the tine of prayer, he would reply quickly that he went to he heaven certainly although he did not go higher than that.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that to worship humanity is to worship god. So the Rabbi went to the sick woman's house in order to help her instead of going to the praying house. By serving her the Rabbi worship god. This story may also be interpreted to mean that the best way to give advice is to set a good example. Instead of telling people to serve the poor and the helpless, the, Rabbi first served and then he resisted the prayer.
CRITIAL THINKING
An orthodox (k/Dk/fjfbL) may ask so many questions about this beautiful story. Can a man go to heaven in his lifetime? Will a Rabbi work at the time of prayer? Should he not go to the praying house? A man feels satisfy if he can help the people in trouble and dissatisfaction is heavenly pleasure.
ASSIMILATION
When I read this story I remember devkota's poem "Yatri". In the poem the speaker request the traveler to go to the poor and the suffering people. If their wounds (3fp) are healed, the traveler will be happy. We can't see god on earth but we can see him in the form to man. Therefore those who serve human beings in trouble serve god best.
CHAPTER SIX
"PHAEDO"
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Echecrates asked phaedo to tell him about Socrates's death, and phaedo warmly welcomed the chance to remember his friend Socrates in the final hours of his life. He said that it was a surprising experience because although he was witnessing the death of dear friend, he had no pity because the way in which Socrates bravely and happily faced it, unafraid of the unknown. Socrates drank the hemlock (poison) and his friends become quite disturb. Socrates scolds them slightly and said that he had sent the woman away for fear of them reacting with tears. Phaedo said that he felt Ashamed for crying when Socrates was so dignified (dxfg x'g') and the great philosopher and man took his last breath of air before dying. Those who knew him respected highly up to the very end of his life.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that we ought to live our life as long as we gain some thing from it and that we should not be attached to it if it has nothing to offer. It may also be interpreted to mean that the dying man teach us how to live. In other words we can leave the life to the full extent (xb) if we have no fear of death.
CRITICAL THINKING
When we read this story we find it very difficult to believe in what Socrates has done. Can a man drink poison so happily? Doesn't he like to live? Is his principal more important than his life? But this story has defined soul as a traveler. The soul makes a journey from this world to another. If we accept this view, we will dead tolerable.(;xg ;lsg]).
ASSIMILATION
The life of the Socrates has influence me very much. One must have courage enough to declare once conviction and follow it. Socrates did what he had already said. Such a person is really great. If all of as hold the same attitude to life and to other things, we can make our life really valuable. We should live happily and died happily.
CHAPTER SEVEN
THE ASTYAGE'S REVENGE
LITERAL COMPREHESION
An Astyages, the king of media dreamed that his daughter's urine flooded the whole Asia. Then she was married to a Persian. Again the king dreamed that our of his daughter's private part, there grew a covering all Asia. After consulting the dream interpreter, he called back his daughter from Persia. She was imprisoned because the majai had told the king that his grandchild would become a king in his palace. When she gave birth to a son, the king called his most faithful officer, Harpagus, and asked his to expose the child. He also warned him not to give this task to anyone. But Harpagus did not like to kill the royal child. He sent for the king's shaphard mitradutes and instructed him this task. Mitradutes expose his own dead child as a royal child. And he brought up the royal child as his own. Once in a play in their village this child was made king and he punished the boy of Astyger's officer. Then this child and the sharphert were taken to the court. The king came to know that it was his own grandchild, and harpagus was asked to send his son to the palace. In first the king gave harguse his son's place to eat. And thus the king took revenge on harpagus for disobeying the royal order, later the king sent his grandson, syrus to his parent's house in Persia because the majai had told him that the would no longer became the king in his place
INTERPRETATION
This story might be tying to tell us that the rulers do anything to sustain their power and that politics regards neither blood nor relation. This story tell us that that suffering of the people where there is no freedom. This story may also be interpreted to mean that power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
CRITICAL THINKING
The modern readers discharge with many things in this story. Is the king so merciless to expose his own child? Could not he impression the child? Is a man so coward (8/5]?jf) as harpagus, who accept the anything the king does? if we think that this story gives a real picture of a past life, we may find if acceptable.
ASSIMILATION
By reading this story I came to know that man is basically a savage. He is so selfish that he does anything for his advantages. I also understood that politics is a dirty game. In politics anything the powerful person does is excusable the politician does not hesitate to use unfair means.
THE ASTYAGE'S REVENGE
LITERAL COMPREHESION
An Astyages, the king of media dreamed that his daughter's urine flooded the whole Asia. Then she was married to a Persian. Again the king dreamed that our of his daughter's private part, there grew a covering all Asia. After consulting the dream interpreter, he called back his daughter from Persia. She was imprisoned because the majai had told the king that his grandchild would become a king in his palace. When she gave birth to a son, the king called his most faithful officer, Harpagus, and asked his to expose the child. He also warned him not to give this task to anyone. But Harpagus did not like to kill the royal child. He sent for the king's shaphard mitradutes and instructed him this task. Mitradutes expose his own dead child as a royal child. And he brought up the royal child as his own. Once in a play in their village this child was made king and he punished the boy of Astyger's officer. Then this child and the sharphert were taken to the court. The king came to know that it was his own grandchild, and harpagus was asked to send his son to the palace. In first the king gave harguse his son's place to eat. And thus the king took revenge on harpagus for disobeying the royal order, later the king sent his grandson, syrus to his parent's house in Persia because the majai had told him that the would no longer became the king in his place
INTERPRETATION
This story might be tying to tell us that the rulers do anything to sustain their power and that politics regards neither blood nor relation. This story tell us that that suffering of the people where there is no freedom. This story may also be interpreted to mean that power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
CRITICAL THINKING
The modern readers discharge with many things in this story. Is the king so merciless to expose his own child? Could not he impression the child? Is a man so coward (8/5]?jf) as harpagus, who accept the anything the king does? if we think that this story gives a real picture of a past life, we may find if acceptable.
ASSIMILATION
By reading this story I came to know that man is basically a savage. He is so selfish that he does anything for his advantages. I also understood that politics is a dirty game. In politics anything the powerful person does is excusable the politician does not hesitate to use unfair means.
CHAPTER EIGHT
THE LIBRARY CARD
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
One day, Richard Wright reads articles on H.L Memken. He likes the article so much that he makes up his mind to read other works of the author. With this intension, he approach one of the catholic English officer for whom he has earlier got books from the library. Mr. Falk lends him library card. Equipped with (;';lHht eP/) this card and forged note (gSsnL lr7L) by Falk, Richard entered the library. The librarian looked at him doubtfully but gives him two books by Menken. Richard is pleased. He goes through Menkem prejudices and find it very interesting. He is inspired to write like the author, but realize his inability to do so. How ever, the book encourages him to read other authors who are maintained in it. As he borrows more books, his thirst for knowledge and his desire to write increases. He starts identifying himself and the others around him with the characters in the books. Unconsciously, through those books, he creates a barrier (tuf/f]) between himself and others. He also starts considering his mission in his life. But is worried about fulfilling it
INTERPRETATION
This story may be trying to tell us that a strong desire is the main cause of the success. One need not go to school or colleges to educate one self. It may also be interpreted to mean that reading makes once life batter and more meaningful.
CRITICAL THINKING
When I read this story written by an African American writer in the beginning of the 20th century, I was socked. Was a Negro so hatful in the democracy like the USA? Was there such a great discrimination between the black and the white? Otherwise this story is excusable and inspiring.
ASSIMILATION
This story has influence me a lot. I learned the way to improve the language. In order to learn English easily I must read more books in English. English grammar and dictionary will not help me very much. If I reads more and enjoy the book of the same time, my life and my knowledge of the language will be batter.
.
THE LIBRARY CARD
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
One day, Richard Wright reads articles on H.L Memken. He likes the article so much that he makes up his mind to read other works of the author. With this intension, he approach one of the catholic English officer for whom he has earlier got books from the library. Mr. Falk lends him library card. Equipped with (;';lHht eP/) this card and forged note (gSsnL lr7L) by Falk, Richard entered the library. The librarian looked at him doubtfully but gives him two books by Menken. Richard is pleased. He goes through Menkem prejudices and find it very interesting. He is inspired to write like the author, but realize his inability to do so. How ever, the book encourages him to read other authors who are maintained in it. As he borrows more books, his thirst for knowledge and his desire to write increases. He starts identifying himself and the others around him with the characters in the books. Unconsciously, through those books, he creates a barrier (tuf/f]) between himself and others. He also starts considering his mission in his life. But is worried about fulfilling it
INTERPRETATION
This story may be trying to tell us that a strong desire is the main cause of the success. One need not go to school or colleges to educate one self. It may also be interpreted to mean that reading makes once life batter and more meaningful.
CRITICAL THINKING
When I read this story written by an African American writer in the beginning of the 20th century, I was socked. Was a Negro so hatful in the democracy like the USA? Was there such a great discrimination between the black and the white? Otherwise this story is excusable and inspiring.
ASSIMILATION
This story has influence me a lot. I learned the way to improve the language. In order to learn English easily I must read more books in English. English grammar and dictionary will not help me very much. If I reads more and enjoy the book of the same time, my life and my knowledge of the language will be batter.
.
CHAPTER NINE
WHY GO TO UNIVERSITY
We may wonder why to take university classes and to bar so many extra responsibilities. We could pass the time more enjoyably. Instead of paying money for university education. We could earn it by getting a job. The exam result does not always make us happy. Knowledge does not always bring us happiness. Knowledge is the source of many of the social evils.
But there are many more advantages of going to university. First of all, the more educated you are, the more you earn, and the more easily you are promoted. For the nation also, educated people are more important than the land, natural resources or population. Educated person make the quality of life batter.
Secondly, knowledge can be practically useful. We can protect our self from much trouble and also save our money. An educated person can solve many of the problems easily. He or she behaves more rationally.
Thirdly, the more educated you are, the batter health you enjoy. You know the risk of smoking and you do not smoke. You tried to prevent many risk or reduce them. You live a meaningful life. You will not run the risk of dying on the operation table.
Fourthly, as physical exercise is good for your health, so is mental exercise for your brain. Gaining knowledge is the exercise of the brain.
Fifthly, knowledgeable people have been respected in any society at anytime in human history. A person may have so many good qualities, but if he is uneducated he will not be respected in the society as well as in his own eyes. An educated person generally feels batter about himself
Sixthly, children and animals are curious to learn everything around them. But human being as they grow older loses some of the curiosity. Love of knowledge for the sake of knowledge is a universal phenomenon. In many culture this has been ignored. We make cultivate these aspects by going to university.
Seventhly, we can widen our social horizon. University provides us a new opportunity to meet new people and make new friends.
Eighthly, education gives us freedom. We can understand our own thoughts and desires and make as free from indoctrination systematic teaching along time.
Ninthly, we can learn something about the universe. We understand that human beings are a part of living things, and that human civilization and environment can be protected or destroyed by human activities.
Finally, culture develops in a democracy and democracy becomes stable in the country where there are educated
People. They can judge the policy and the policy makers. They will not be biased cone sided (kIfkftL). Although politician use the power for their own advantages. Educated citizen can chose the right leaders. The future of humanity depends on the right decisions of the people. By going to university, people can learn what is right and what is wrong
WHY GO TO UNIVERSITY
We may wonder why to take university classes and to bar so many extra responsibilities. We could pass the time more enjoyably. Instead of paying money for university education. We could earn it by getting a job. The exam result does not always make us happy. Knowledge does not always bring us happiness. Knowledge is the source of many of the social evils.
But there are many more advantages of going to university. First of all, the more educated you are, the more you earn, and the more easily you are promoted. For the nation also, educated people are more important than the land, natural resources or population. Educated person make the quality of life batter.
Secondly, knowledge can be practically useful. We can protect our self from much trouble and also save our money. An educated person can solve many of the problems easily. He or she behaves more rationally.
Thirdly, the more educated you are, the batter health you enjoy. You know the risk of smoking and you do not smoke. You tried to prevent many risk or reduce them. You live a meaningful life. You will not run the risk of dying on the operation table.
Fourthly, as physical exercise is good for your health, so is mental exercise for your brain. Gaining knowledge is the exercise of the brain.
Fifthly, knowledgeable people have been respected in any society at anytime in human history. A person may have so many good qualities, but if he is uneducated he will not be respected in the society as well as in his own eyes. An educated person generally feels batter about himself
Sixthly, children and animals are curious to learn everything around them. But human being as they grow older loses some of the curiosity. Love of knowledge for the sake of knowledge is a universal phenomenon. In many culture this has been ignored. We make cultivate these aspects by going to university.
Seventhly, we can widen our social horizon. University provides us a new opportunity to meet new people and make new friends.
Eighthly, education gives us freedom. We can understand our own thoughts and desires and make as free from indoctrination systematic teaching along time.
Ninthly, we can learn something about the universe. We understand that human beings are a part of living things, and that human civilization and environment can be protected or destroyed by human activities.
Finally, culture develops in a democracy and democracy becomes stable in the country where there are educated
People. They can judge the policy and the policy makers. They will not be biased cone sided (kIfkftL). Although politician use the power for their own advantages. Educated citizen can chose the right leaders. The future of humanity depends on the right decisions of the people. By going to university, people can learn what is right and what is wrong
.
CHAPTER TEN
A FIGHT BETEEN A LION AND A CROCODILE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
It was late evening. The narrator and his friend being to sleep drowsily on the bank of the river. They could hear different kind of roaring sound. Job told them to look to the water toward them. They sow the lion's signing eyes as one of was 15 feet away. Leo fired at the lions and see died. A fully grown male was to step behind her. Suddenly there was a rush and disturbance of the water. The lion uttered a roar. A crocodile had cut him by the leg. The lion pull the crocodile on to the bank and clawed its head, and one of its eyes was turn. Both of them were struggle fiercely. The lion's body up to the hive was in the crocodile's jaws. The lion clawed the crocodile's throat a part. The lion felt on the crocodile's back and died . After a while the crocodile also died.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that there are many more wonderful things in the world of nature. All living things are closely related to their environment, and are equally important in their own place. The lion is the king of the jungle, but the crocodile can defeat him in the water, which is not the kingdom of the lion.
CRITICAL THINKING
There are many things in the story, which seem unbelievable. How can people try to fall as sleep when they hear the rearing sound? How can people feel safe in such a place? Can is a crocodile strong enough to grip a lion? Since this story seems to be realistic, we have to accept many things without questions.
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story I am fully convince that all animals are equally important in the eco –system. Every animals has its importance in its own place. But if it goes to the place to other animals, it will be defeated. There for every living things identifies its habit act and lives accordingly.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
SHEP'S HOBBY
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
James herriot, the narrator, was going to Mr. Bailes's place to see how his cow Rose was. She was suffering from stomach trouble of unknown nature. As the narrator was passing between the two walls, shep suddenly jumped and frightened him. He jumped up in to the air and his heart was beating violently. After giving the Lawage to the cow he wet to home. The next day he was passing through Mr. Bailes's field to see the farmer in the barn. The midday sun, the sweet breeze, the greenery and the solitude impressed Jemes very much. All of a sudden, the sky darkens and roared. It was Shep again. Jemes was so afraid that he almost evacuated (empty) his bowel (stomach). After giving some treacle to the cow, he came again the next day. Now he was happy to see rose all right. But it was the postman who had cured the cow by making her run. Then Jemes was lost in deep thought and solid his hand. To wash the hand as he was going to Mr.Bailes's kitchen, he was frightened again the dog. This time he was so angry that he punished the dog by scolding and threatening. When he comes to Mr. Bailes next time Shep did not frightened him and he was sorry because he had deprived the dog of its pleasure. But later when he found the dog frightening a tinker (pot maker), the speaker was happy.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that any animal has the right to make fun and that there is not much different between dogs and men so far as recreation is concerned.
CRITICAL THINKING
This lovely animal story has some points which might be unacceptable. How could a postman cure the cow which a vet could not? Has a dog's sense of timing so perfect as to frighten the people? Is the story convincing enough? Perhaps we have raised such questions because we have not absence dogs as closely as a vet.
ASSIMILATION
This story has changed by attitudes to animals completely. Before I read this story, I would run away if a dog comes close to me. I would think that it had come to bite me. But now I think that it has come to play with me. Now I love a dog and want to make friend with it.
Chapter twelve
stickeen
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
John Muir, the narrator, in spite of his objection, had to take the dog Stickeen to the dog in icy cold region of Alaska at the request of its master. The creature proves to be a interesting company in the journey. It always followed the narrator even leaving its own master. It never complains. It did not love anyone and did not allow anyone to do so. It did not leave the narrator when he was making the most measurable journey in his life. That day he left the comp early in the raring morning with breakfast in his pocket. The dog some how follow him. They were walking in the snow. There were many crevasses on the way. The narrator crossed them carefully but the dog was moving like the flying cloud. It did not notice any danger. After reaching the end, they were returning to the camp. On the way they were trapped on the island surrounded by crevasses (holes). The only way to cross it was Sliver Bridge. The narrator cut notches (V shape holes) on the bridge. After he crossed the bridge, he again had to cut the holes at the other end to climb up. After he reached the other side he called the dog. But it did not come because it had wisely sensed the danger. When the writer repeatedly threatened to leave it there, it very carefully crossed the bridge. And afterwards it was so happy that it cried and danced and dashed. From that day on, it likes to be a close to the narrator. It might have thought that the narrator was its god
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that experience teaches us more than any thing else. The dog stickeen changed completely after it successfully cross the silver bridge and save its life. It may also be interpreted to mean that there are many things which we find in animals and human beings equally. Friendship and gratitude are equally found in animals.
CRITICAL THINKING
This beautiful story has many points which are normally unacceptable to us. Why do people explore such remote place by putting their lives in danger? Don't they die of cold when they are wet in the icy cold region? Otherwise this story is really impressive. It makes us feel as if we are with the writer making the journey.
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story I came to know so many things about Alaska. I also learned that beauty in nature and danger are interwoven that experience makes one perfects is true even in the case of animals.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
THE uRETCHED STONE
LITERAL COMPREHANSION
When the Rita Anne started her voyage, her crew passed their free time by reading, singing and talking stories. They found a stranger island on the way. They brought a rock from there and place it in the cargo store. Now when the salers were free, they would watch the peculiar light it gave off. The captain missed their music and story telling. Their behavior change. They rarely spoke. They climbed on the rope more easily. Then the captain said that he would throw the rock. After this he did not see any one on the deck. They all had locked themselves in the store waiting the Uretched stone. They suppose that the captain alone could sail the ship. A powerful stream was heading that way. So he went to call them. But surprisingly, they all had turned in to hairy apes. They did not understand the word he said. The storm passed and the ship was still floating. The crews were sad because the stone had gone dark. Then the captain stared playing the violin and reading to them. After this who could read improved more quickly afterwards they were rescued by a passing ship and the Rita Anne was born with the stone
INTERPRETATION
Since the title of this unit is Television, the stone here stands for television. Therefore we may say that this story is trying to tell us something about television. T V makes people dull and finally they were change in to uncivilized once. They don’t understand what is told to them. They neglect their duties. They prefer to pass their whole time sitting before their TV sets.
CRITICAL THINKING
The writer has rightly presented the bad influences of TV on people. But he has not mentioned the advantages people get by watching TV. People can see new places and new people sitting in their own rooms. They can also watch many important historic events. They can get a lot of information from it.
ASSIMILATION
When I read this story I remember my own passed life at home. Years ago I and my brother requested our parents to buy a TV set. When it was brought home, we would watch it only after we had finished our homework. But later we neglect our study. When an interesting programs was being broadcast. We would not even go for our meals. Once the TV set was struck by lightning and our father did not repair it. Then we started doing our homework and everything was all right.
chapter forthteen
Great scott
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
We should not allow our children to go near the Television set. If possible we should not install it at all. In nearly every home child watch TV until their eyes get tired. They sit and watch TV until they are spellbound (dGqd'Sw) and absolutely drunk with very bad things. We allow them to watch TV because they will not fight and do naughty things and they allow us to do our work freely. But we have never supposed that TV will kill their senses and imagination, that they do not understand the imaginary world and that they can not think at all. If you take the set away, they will be unhappy at first and then they will start reading good books as children in the past would do.
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us that, the TV set has prevented children from reading
books. It may also be interpreted to mean that parents are solely responsible for spoiling their children. they have thought of their convenience alone. They have never studied the bad inflect of TV programs on their children
CRITICAL THINKING
This poem has beautifully presented the trouble of every parent. It is true that children don't read any good books a part from their text book. But the poem has ignored the advantage children get by watching TV. When classic was televised they will be interested in watching more such serious. When they don't get such serials they borrow classics from the library and read them. More over TV helps them to imaging much more clearly. How does it kill their imagination Del.?
ASSIMILATION
This poem has help me to understand why children passed most of their time before their TV set. It hypnotizes them. I also came to know why the younger generation thinks differently. They have taken in so many good as well as bad things from different sources including TV. Modern culture has been changing rapidly because of television.
CHAPTER FIFTHTEEN
CARBING THE ONE –EYED MONSTER
(CURB=CONTROL)
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Television stations are owned by very rich people. They do not tell us the truth. Their main purpose is to handover us to advertisers as long as possible. Ordinary people are tired of protesting against them. The easiest way to make our home TV free or to put our TV set on the curb. We may missed very useful programs and become outsiders. But we can use the spare time to do something really valuable. We can live a real life. We can make our self familiar with the highest quality in art, music and literature. But TV present us the lower quality of all these and reality in fragments and thus misguides us. We don't know what reality is? We do what the advertiser or rich people want us to do. We fill their pockets with our money. So, the effective way to save us is to boycott (alx:sf/) TV otherwise we will be getting misinformation. We have been compelled (afWo) to feel that our natural life is worse and therefore we being to live artificially.
INTERPRETATION
This assay tell us that rich people and bigness man have made us puppets (s7k'tnL). They will use us the way they like. They will use us for their own advantages by misguiding us. They will never give us anything of the best quality. Therefore we have to protect ourselves from their exploitation.(misuse)
CRITICAL THINKING
Although the writer has presented some of the advantage of TV, he has emphasized its bad aspects. He has made us escapists (eu'jf). Instead of fighting against the rich people, he wants us to stop watching TV. If we do so we will missed many good programs. If every one throws their TV sets where shall we go to watch the historical events? Can't we make a choice and watch only good programs?
ASSIMILATION
This assay has help me to understand many of the things which I did not understand before. Now I have understood how easily people imitate (gSsn ug'{) mannerism and why people watch TV. They don't like to be outsiders. I also know why people use the things advertise on TV. They want to be number one.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
TEACHING IN THE TELEVISION CULTUR
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
When English teacher learn that their students were born in the house where the television was always on and when they consider TV at the park, they become worried about their students. They like a anti-TV tale in which the main character Lennie, addicted to TV, later things that TV people are not real. In the beginning of the TV era (age) many critics thought that TV was responsible for lowering the quality of students and people in generation. They supposed that people would be less educated after a decade (10 years time) or so. The critics did not support when TV was used for educational purpose. In reality, today's students were brought up with TV which plays an important role in their lives. Actually TV does not cause addiction. The viewers are not concentrated in one particular program. There are commercial and TV serials being broadcast alternately. With the remote control, many stations can be viewed alternately. Moreover there is an interaction between the real world and the TV world. A viewer is a traveler, who goes from one world to another. Homework and TV can be handling at the same time.
INTERPRETATION
This assay might be trying to tell us that TV is not as harmful as people in the past considered it to be. It has become a part of modern life. This assay has also presented a new theory of perception( learn, knowledge) which stressed (hf]8 lbg') that it is possible to group so many things at the same time from various sources.
CRITICAL THINKING
This assay has presented the modern situation realistically. It has put forward the idea of past generation, who considered TV harmful and later on it has beautifully presented a new approach of perception. Whenever we learn we can get so many things from different sources. It is possible to write a letter and to watch the news on the TV at the same time.
ASSIMILATION
When I read this assay I understood how some of my friends solve their math's problem when their radio is on. They can do both things at the same time. Perhaps modern generation is smarter than the earlier generation. They grasp whatever they need from various sources.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
MARRIAGE IS A PRIVATE AFFAIR
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
The marriage in the city of Logos of Nneameka and Nene is against the custom of the bridegroom's village by cutting across religious tribal (hftLo) and family beliefs. Everything is against Nane: She comes from Lagos, She is not an Ibo and she is a school teacher. Such on event has never happened in the history of the village. The opposition is express by Mnaemeka's father, who, after the event rejects any kinds of compromise. The villagers propose various suggestions but he reject them all. Even after eight years there has been no change in the father. But when a letter from his daughter in law arrives telling him about unknown grandson, his strong resistance being to grow weaker. And he feels sorry and imagines that he has left his grandson outside in the raring weather.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that marriage is a private affair and that the society should no go against the wishes of the marriage partner. Such a marriage life is happier than the life of those who are marriage traditionally. If may also be interpreted to mean that in a rapidly changing society the open conflict of the first and the second generation is resolved through the innocent third generation.
CRITICAL THINKING
This story questions the custom of arrange marriage by showing the prejudice (narrow minded) against intertribal marriage and calls for acceptance and understanding to protect and institutions (/LtLl/jfh) believed to be the foundation of society. This beautiful story represents the traditional society all over the world. The writer presents this as a victory of natural forces of kin and affection over custom. The society gradually changes and the older generation has to accept the new situation slowly. I did not find any weakness in this story
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story I understood myself and my father batter. In our society fathers are like Okeke, and sons revolt (ljb[f]x) against fathers if they do not accept their son's desire. This story has encouraged us to find out a marriage partner who will have all the good qualities of Nene or Nnaemeka. Only does an educated partner make a marriage life happy.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
THE CABULIWALLAH
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
One day Mini called a Cabuliwallah but when he came to her, she ran away. In order to remove the fear of the child, the narrator, her father, brought her close to the street trader (vender, ;8s Jofkf/L) from that day on, the child and the vender become close friend. They would tell stories and jokes and would be very happy. Once the cabuliwallah was imprisoned for several years and he was forgotten. But on Mini's wedding day he appeared again with some dry fruit for his little Mini. The narrator learn that Rehaman! The cabuliwallah would visit Mini because she reminded him of his own daughter parvati in Afghanistan. Then he called Mini, who was in her wedding dress. Rehaman was quite surprised to see the grown up Mini and thought of his own daughter. The narrator out his expenses and gave him a hundred –rupee note so that he could go home to see his daughter.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that friendship and that human beings are same in all over the world. So far as parental love is concerned. It may also be interpreted to mean that self sacrifices are the root of happiness. The Cabuliwallah was happy because he loved somebody else child as his own. Similarly the narrator also gave a hundred rupees to Rehaman and was happy thinking of the long-lost father meeting with his only child.
CRITICAL THINKING
This story has many beautiful aspects which touch our heart. If shows that love is the basis of human existence. If clearly express the pain of all the people who have to leave their home and go abroad to earn money in order to support their family. But we don't agree with the narrator regarding some of the things, Likes mini's mother, we would not allow our children to visit a stranger everyday. Hoe can Rehaman's daughter's name be parvati?
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story my attitude to the vender have totally change. Now I look to them with loving eyes. I think them as human beings who are compelled to leave their house because of their poverty. I take an interest in them. If possible I purchase things from them and thus I help them. My attitudes have been broadened.
CHAPTER NINETEEN
THE SAVAGE MALE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
The Yanomamo is one of the most aggressive (cfsfds), war like and male oriented societies in the world. The body of adult males or females are covered with the wounds(3fpx?) and scars. Wife have to obey their husbands immediately. Other wise they are punished. Brother-in- low are close relatives, with whom they take drugs together. Because of the hallucinogenic drugs, the Yanomamo males have supernatural visions. And can endure several pain in different types of duels. Menstruated (/h:jnf) girls and women kept separately. Male superiority is seen in different types of duels. In the chest pounding duels, the guest hit on the chest of the host with fist as hard as he can. But later the host also hits the guest back on the chest. The more one receives, the more one can hit back. In the side slapping duel, the opponent hits with the open hands just bellow the ribs. In the club fight the competitor sticks on the head with a pole. The spear is also dangerous. The fight against the relatives and enemies is quite common. The alliance of the Yanomamo depends on the military power. They past most of time by fighting.
INERPRETATION
This assay has clearly express the lifestyle of the Yanomamo people. It shows that their life is full of struggle. In order to survive they have to keep on fighting
CRITICAL THINKING
The essayist has presented a banned view in this assay. He has quoted chignon, a male researcher, whose attitude was male oriented. He has also presented the views of Judith sapiro, a female researcher. Thus he has tried to be unbiased.
ASSIMILATION
By reading this assay I have come to know many things about male oriented society. In such society, women and girls are always abuse. (g/fdf] Jojxf/) they have to do what the male want. They make myths (bGTosyf) to prove males superior. But, on the other hand, males are more precocious (8/nfUbf]) and war like. I become sad when I imagine the life of the Yanomamo people who always fighting and never at peace.
CHAPTER TWENTY
HOW SANE ARE WE?
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
The concept of wise and good rulers is merely imaginary. In fact, our collective decision making process is unreasonable. Let us take the example of the use of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon). Some 20% of green house effects is caroused by CFCs. Also, they will reduce the ozone very much. If this very thin protective shield (sjr) is destroyed. The ultraviolet radiation of the sun will disturb natural eco-system, lower agricultural productivity, suppress the human immunity system and raise the incidence of skin cancer and eye cataracts.
INTERPRETATION
CFCs are use as coolants, foam-blowing against, propellants and cleaning against in computer chips. If these long live substances reach the stratosphere, they will reduce the ozone layer. No one has so far paid any serious attention to the scientist's warning. The government and CFC makers have delayed to ban their use. And their harmful effects have already been seen in Australia and Chile.
CRITICLA THINKING
Some considered that the decision of phase out their global use is a proof of collective misbehavior. In 1974 scientist warned about their harmful effects, but there was a long gap between the warning and their ban. So these people compare the ozone tale to Karel Capek's "war with Newts". In this science fiction, highly productive salamanders were protected from sharks, their controllers by their discovers in exchange for pearls. These creatures were use for the other purpose too. Soon they ran out of living space to accommodate their growing numbers. They flooded countries, one at a time. At the end, humanity was in danger not by the Newts but by the greed. Short- sightedness and great stupidity of human beings.
ASSIMILATION
The world is not a completely rational place. In 1935 there was only one enemy, Hitler but now there are many more enemies. Like the Newts. We are reproducing at a surprising rate. Our weapons have becomes for more destructive. If we don’t think and do politics sensibly, we may put humanity in danger.
CHAPTER TWENTYONE
TO KNOW FLY
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Scientific experiment beginning with an act faith and continuous with an observation and a question. It is scientist's way of asking nature of question. They changes condition observe a result and draw a conclusion. But these most be purpose experiment control and co-relation with cause and effect should not confused.
INTERPRETATION
By asking write question and by observing cleverly a scientist can find out what the fly's sense of test is. Flies walk about in the food and constantly bring out their proboscis when they see on sweet things, they louder their proboscis (tongue). The biology's first guess that tasted with its feet.
CHAPTER TWENTYTWO
KING JOHN AND THE ABBOT OF CANTENBURY
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
King John was jealous of Abbot of Canterbury for his house keeping and good name. The Abbot was sent for and the king asked him three questions. He also told him that if he could not answer the questions, his head would be removed from his body. The questions were :( 1) what was the price of the king with his crown on his head? (2) How quickly could the king ride around the earth? (3) What was the king thinking at the moment? The Abbot could not answer them immediate and asked for two weeks time. Then he went to Cambridge and Oxford University to get the help of the scholars there. When nobody helped him, he came home looking very sad. But his shepherd (e]8fuf]7fnf) promised to help him. Them getting dress like the bishop, he went to king john and answer all his questions. First, he replied that the king's price was twenty-nine pence because Christ was sold for thirty pence and that he was one penny worse than the Lord. Secondly he answered that if the king rode at the speed of the sun when it rose in the morning he could go around the earth in 24 hours. Thirdly he said that the king was thinking that the Abbot of cantenbary was answering his questions. But it was his shepherd that was answering. The king was satisfy with all the answers and pardoned the Abbot and gave the shepherd four nobles a week
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us that a common man can be wiser than educated person. It may also be interpreted to mean that everyday reality teaches man more than a library of books can.
CRITICAL THINKING
When I read this poem I was quite surprised to know that so difficult questions can have so simple answers. We are very please with the witty (a'lbdQfk"0f{) answers of the shepherd.
ASSIMILATION
This poem had thought me the value of the common people. Previously I used to think that being an under graduate student I was for more superior to my illiterate neighbors. But now my false pride has been shattered (6'sf6's).
I have started to respect them and expect practical advice from them.
CHAPTER TWENTY THREE
THIRD THOUGHT
LITERAL COMPREHENSIN
The narrator's friend was not a successful businessman. He always bought of thing at a high price and sold at a low price. But one day he bought a genume turner for 10 shillings and sold for 50 pound considering the good nature of dealer. He wanted to share the half of the profit with him but when he reconsidered, he did not like to be an idealist. He supposed that 10 pound would be in off. He again thought that if he gave him 10 pound the sellers would always expected money from every and XXXXX and spoil him business. So he decided to give him 5 pound. He then found a new option. If he gave him 5 pound the goodness of business would be angry. So 1 pounds gift would be enough. Afterwards he went to the club and loss all he had while playing cards. Then he came the conclusion that after the business had taken place there would be no obligation between the lealer and the customers.
INTERPRETATION
This essay might be trying to tell us that everyone become and idealist in the beginning and that the more he thinks the worse practical becomes. It may also be interpreted to mean that everyone is bad by nature and then he makes so many excuses to proved that he is not so.
CRITICAL THINKING
This essay has beautifully excused human nature . we try to find out excuses for everything we do, but don’t agree with the narrator's friend when he wants to share half of his profit. Is any one so much of a fool to share the profit? Does any one show his weakness to give the thing which he is not obliged to give?
ASSIMILATION
After reading this essay I come to understand myself batter. Like the speaker's friend I kept on barging with my soul. When I start preparation just the examination every year I promised that I will do it early years next time but after the examination is over I find so many excuses for not doing so and sometime I cant take an examination too. Changing opinion and making them suitable to what one likes is human weakness.
CHAPTER TWEENTYFOUR
WHO WAS TO BLAME
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
INTERPRETATION
When I read this story I came to know that we should learn things without being forced. Many of the parents want their children to read all the time. They do not allow to children to play. So the children are frightened of books and never become good students. Even now like the narrator I shiver (sfDg') when I see my father coming to me with book in his hand.
This story clearly brings out the theory of learning. If we read this story literally, we can not accept many of the things. How can the narrator imagine what is going on in the mind of the cat? Is it true that tomcat runs away seeing a mouse?
This story might be trying to tell us that one should learn things naturally. The more one to force to learn, the more one dislikes and each frightened of it. It may also be interpreted to mean that punishment will have a negative influence on the learner.
Pyoter Demyanitch, the narrator's uncle and high school teacher decided to train a kitten when his hat and book were eaten by mice. When the mouse was trapped in the mouse trap, the kitten was brought closer to the trap. The kitten sniffed (;'Wof]) it and looked around wonderingly. When the kitten and the mouse were released, the mouse ran under the sofa and the kitten under the table. The uncle dragged the kitten and shook him the air. Being frightened, he passed the whole night under stove. When another mouse was cut the next day, the kitten trembled and mewed piteously seeing the mouse and the trap. He jumped hide under the sofa when the mouse was released. The kitten was bitten. After the forth attempt the uncle decided not to train him. A year later, he grew in to a tomcat but when he saw a mouse he ran away although he was going to the she –cat to express his love. Like the cat the narrator also runs away when he sees his uncle with a Latin book
CRITICAL THINKING
ASSIMILATION
CHAPTER TWEENTY FIVE
THE BURDEN OF SKEPTICISM
(SKEPTICISM=REFUSE TO ACCEPT A CALIM WITHOUT ANY PROOF)
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
Skepticism is found in every day life. If we have to buy a used car we examining it even if we do not have any ideas about the car. If we buy it without examining, we know that we may have to be sorry for it. In some cases we use skepticism, but in politics and commercials we do not use it. So we cheated a little. But if we do not use it in the case of medicine we have we have to bear a great loss.
INTERPRETATION
If we study the whole history of mankind, we find that they have always accepted some kind of popular belief system. The reason for this is that all human needs are never fulfilled. These unfulfilled needs may be satisfied by these beliefs. It is natural for us to have a desire to take our dead relatives. And we would be happy when we learn that our spirit does not die and our existence will not come to an end forever.
CRITICAL THINKING
There are many channels who claim that they can contact with the spirit of a person long- long ago. But these spirits do not answer any specific questions and they answer only general and vague (unclear) questions. Their specific answer would have helps us a lot to know about the society of the past.
ASSIMILATION
Skepticism is dangerous. So it is not taught in school. Skepticism and openness to new ideas are equally necessary for human progress. If we are too open, we will not be in opposition to tell a difference between what is good and what is bad. But, on the other hand, if we are too skeptical, no new ideas will find any place. Scientist forms new ideas in to their minds in the form of hypothesis and examining them closely. If their ideas are proved correct they will be accepted. If they are proved false later on, the scientists will accept that they have made a mistake. But religious and political leaders never accept what is against their principles, however wrong their ideas may be.
CHAPTER TWEENTY SIX
MR. KNOW ALL
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
The narrator was a white man and he did not like his cabin met, Max Kelada just because he was of an Egyptian origin. Kelada was sociable and within three days he new everyone in board. He would organize all games and lotteries. But he was a bit insistent (lh88L). He did not no that he was unwanted and the title "Mr. know all" given to him was a praiseworthy term he supposed. Once he claimed that he was expert in pearls and the pearls worsened by Mrs. Ramsay wear real once, not cultural once. Mr. Ramsay bed a hundred dollar on it. Then Keleda examining them closely and found that they were real. But as he was about to speak, he saw Mr.Ramsay's face turning pale. So he said that the pearls were not real. Although he was ready to become full for this, he said the happy conjugal life of the Ramsay. He gave a hundred dollar note to Mr. Ramsay but Mr. Ramsay returned it secretly to Kelada. Then the narrator did not dislike him entirely.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that a man becomes great not by his color, but by his thoughtful action. Max Kelada is a great man because he considered the value of others people's life greater than his won personal respect. It may also be interpreted to mean that the whites are intolerant of the non whites. Even at the end of the story the narrator still heisted to praise Kelada.
CRITICAL THINKING
This story represents biased (one-sided) attitudes towards non-whites. The narrator hates Kelada because he was not white, so do all other passengers. Just on this ground, in spite of being hated by everyone, why6 was kelada ready to help them? Was he ignorant of their hatred as the narrator supposed? Was he not a noble person who considered the goodness of everyone?
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story I came to know a lot about the westerners. They do hate Asians and Africans. They are really narrow- minded. Although the writer's view may be different, he has clearly expressed the attitude of the whites.
CHAPTER TWEENTY SEVEN
KEEPING ERROR AT BAY
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
We can avoid silly errors if we follow a few simple rules. First, if the case can be decided by observation we should observe our selves. Without knowing the things if we supposed that we know it we make serious mistakes. The classical writers have made such mistakes.
Secondly, if we can not observe the matter we have to make ourselves aware of our own bias ( one sided) when we do not get the right region to support our conviction, we get anger. In knowledge, there is no anger. By comparing our opinion with that of these, we can be free from some kind of dogmatism (s6/kG7L). We have to read the purpose of the opposite party. We have to go abroad to broaden our minds. But we should not imitate the forgner foolish custom.
It we can not travel, we can have an imaginary talk with the persons who support opposite views.
Moreover we should not flatter our self-esteem. Both man and women claim that their own sex is superior and they can present strong argument to support their views. Similarly, every country man things that his own country is superior to all, in fact every one or every nation has his or its merits and demerits. If we are bias se highlight the merits and ignore the demerits. Thus we can prove our sex or nation is superior. If we are proud of being human beings we should look our self in the perspective of the universe. In the vast universe, human life is the brief event and their might be other superior creatures who suppose that human beings are insignificant.
Finally we should avoid fear. It is the main source of superstition and cruelty. If we can get rid of it, we start getting wisdom and we shall find out to the truth.
CHAPTER TWEENTY NINE
THE TINNY CLOSET
Closet = small room
Mr. New bold = Roomer-tenant
Mr. Crosby = land lady
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
Mr. Newbold, a roomer in a mid western city in the USA, calls his land lady Mrs. Crosby. He asked her not to let anyone open his room because as long as he lives there it is his own room. Mrs. Crosby consoles him and he goes out. Then she calls-up her friend and both of them enter his room out of curiosity. Mr.Newbold also came in, but hides himself when the ladies came down stairs. Earlier the land lady supposed that he might be a spy (hf;';) or a criminal or a lunatic (kfun) or a communist. But now she has seen many beautiful hats in his room. She holding a women's large and graceful hat in her hand, then she find her hat- making roomer quite unusual. His cleanness has also surprised her. After this event she can not tolerate him and plane to send him out of her house. Mr. Newbold weeps at his helplessness, when the lady goes in to her kitchen later he recovers and takes a great hatpin in his hand and calls her with the intention of killing her.
INTERPRETATION
This play might be trying to tell us that we should try to live a normal life. Mr. Newbold, being a man, was unusually neat and clean and he would not allow any one to go into his room. So the landlady was suspicious (z+sfn') of him and went into his room secretly with her friend. As result she was victimized. It may also be interpreted to mean that jealousy and over curiosity are harmful.
CRITICAL THINKING
This play has beautifully presented how curiosity leads to destruction. But are all the land ladies are as curious as Mrs.crosby and break into the tenant's room? Are men as coward as Mr. Newbold? Do they weep when they are helpless? Can such a coward produce any harmful things to the landlady?
ASSIMILATION
When I read this play I came to know many things about human nature. It is human weakness to have a desire to eat the forbidden apple. When the secrecy is disclosed, it makes people more terrible. Human beings are never satisfied with their present situation. The more they know, the more they are upset.
Chapter thirty
TO HIS COY MISTRESS
Coy = shy
Mistress = beloved
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
In the first stanza, the speaker imagines a world in which lovers have unlimited time. In this situation her unwillingness to make love would be no crime. In a series of complement, he prays her beauty by saying that each part of her deserves to be praised for many years. The second stanza denies the first/ no one has unlimited time. The time allow to us is short and we are chased by "times winged chariot" and before as lies death with its emptiness. The speaker sees his mistress in her grave with the warms attracting that long preserved virginity that she had refused him. The conclusion maintains the sense of urgency. It argues for life over death. The lovers are like amorous bird of pray that devour their time using it up more quickly by living life to the full. We can not stop time but we can live every moment of life lively and vigorously (strongly)
INTERPRETATION
This poem expresses the speaker's desire for sexual union with the loved one and the abstract to that union. It usage a carpe demonetize the day argument in urging sexual union. The speaker means to say that life is short and uncertain, so one must enjoy all the pleasures one can.
CRITICAL THINKING
The three stanza in the poem have a logical relation to each other. The argument of the speaker may be summarized thus: if we had time enough your coyness would be no crime; but as he do not have unlimited time, your coyness is unacceptable; therefore you must give up your coyness and satisfy your desire.
ASSIMILATION
After reading this poem I am more convinced about the value of time. In fact "time and tide wait for no one." The wise size it and make their lives successful. Whether we pursue our study or we make love, time is equally important.
Chapter thirty one
THE TELEGRAM ON THE TABLE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Krishna looked at the telegram on the table. It had been laying there for weeks. It was about a tragic event and one of the friends from his village had expressed his sympathy. But Krishna was not touch at all. He did his everything works normally. He would explain Nepali arts and culture to the tourists in his own way. He had a great desire to go abroad with some tourist girl. He had nourished this dream and had not thought about his village. He was lost in the city life. But tonight the telegram on the table attracts him. He could not fall a sleep. He did not want to think about the telegram but he could not neglect it either. It haunted him and finally he wept bitterly thinking of his wife, who had died weeks before.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that, the fate of many young people who came to the city and forget their home. They don't like to think of their pass lives. They live by dreaming of the batter future. It also informs us about their unhappy life.
CRITICAL THINKING
I agree with the writer when he describes the story of rural people visiting towns and cities. They do forget their parents and relatives. But is it possible for a husband not to feel sorry at the death of his wife for such a long time? Is he a stone or a man? Does it not seem unrealistic?
ASSIMILATION
When I read "The telegram on the table" I felt that it is my own story. I was always woven (a'g]sf]) a beautiful dream of going overseas and earning a lot of money. But this story has force me to think about my home and family. Then I wonder if I am right in forgetting my past completely. Anyway I have realized my mistakes and now I will try to keep in touch with my village and family.
CHAPTER THIRTY TWO
A PAINFUL CASE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Mr. James Daffy, a middle aged bachelor lives an adventure less life in the beginning. But adventure comes when he meets Mrs. Emily Sinico by chance. They see each other at concert and make appointments and finally he visits her regularly at her home. Their friendship grows. He shares his intellectual life with her. She enjoys the break in her solitude (loneliness) but one night she makes the mistake of catching of his hand passionately and pressing it to her cheeks. He leaves her for ever. But four years later, Mr. Duffy reads in the paper of the lady's death. She has been knocked down by a train in a state of intoxication (drunkenness). Mr. Duffy's first reaction is one of hatred at such excessive drunkenness and of self-righteousness. On second thoughts however he feels uneasy and after a fit at self-pity realizes the burden of loneliness.
INTERPRETATION
This story tells as about loveless ness. It describes two painful cases: a man who denies (say "No") love and a woman vainly search for it. It also tells us about loneliness. Lonely people fail to communicate with each other. But they realize the value of love and companionship only when it is very late.
CRITICAL THINKING
The writer has presented the extra married love in this story and laughed at the main character because he refused such love. Living in the conservative Nepali society, we agree with James Duffy, not with the writer. How can we accept the love between married woman and a bachelor? How such a moralist did realized his mistake? How could he reel sorry for Mrs. Sinico?
ASSIMILATION
When I read this story I identified myself with Mrs. Sinico. I do not support her immoral love if she really wanted it. But I support her desire for friendship. Life is really lonely and hard to live if there is no one to love. In such a situation, one must have a friend. Otherwise, one become weak and starts drinking.
CRITICAL THINKING
To do an experiment we can provide the fly with handle by attached it on a stick with wax. Then we can lover it gently over sauces of water until its feet just touch the water if the fly is thirsty, it will lower its proboscis as soon as its feet's touch the water and will suck in keenly. After its thirsty has been reduce it will pull back the proboscis next. We can lower the fly into a saucer of sugared water. It will take out the proboscis again. Then there is plane water the proboscis will be in and when there is sugar water the proboscis will be out.
ASSIMILATION
The fly has a more acute(tLj) sense of taste than human beings. It can taste even the weaker solution than we can taste. It can also distinguish between different kind of sugar. Grave sugar, cane sugar, malt sugar, milk sugar, beat sugar. But it not flood artificial sweetness. The fly knows the different between sweet taste and other kinds of taste. It accepts sweet taste and request other kind of taste. It can find out which sugar solution has more salt touch the sugar water it sucks in the dye
CHAPTER THIRTY THREE
THE LADY WITH THE DOG
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Gurov saw Anna at Yalta, a seaside town. Both of them had arrived there for their holiday. Anna's husband was expected to join her there. But when he did not come Gurov went to her hotel and made love with her. Anna was sorry for what she had done. Then Gurov consoled and both of them spent the day together, dining, lunching, and visiting places. When Anna got a later from her husband, she went back home. But she told Gurov that she would never visit him. Gurov also went home in Moscow, but he did could not forget Anna. He met her at the theater and she promised to come to Moscow. After this, she would see him in Moscow once in every two or three months. Although they were growing older, they felt that they loved each other more and more. But they were force to live separately. They were planning to live in the same city and see each other openly. But it would be very difficult.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that true love beginning when people become more experienced and when they have cross the barrier of lust (passion). It may also be interpreted to mean that human beings are puppets in the hand of fate. We do not know whom we love and whom we marry. Anyway, this story stands as a remarkable proof of the writer's belief in the value of human love.
CRITICAL THINKING
This story has beautifully presented the unlawful love of two married persons. Both of them do not love their spouses. But plan to live in the same city seeing each other openly. Will their plan be successful? Will their spouses accept their love? Should they not be punished for their unlawful love? These are some of the question which arias in our minds when we read this story.
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story I realize how important love is in human life. It is the only shelter for human beings. Wealth and education do not makes one's life complete if there is no one to love truly.
CHAPTER THIRTY FOUR
ON THE EVE OF HIS EXECUTION
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Although young, the poet is very unhappy. There is no sign of happiness. There is only pain. His corn field is full of weeds. He can hope unsuccessfully for batter future. But there is no sign of batter life after waiting for such a long time. Although he is alive he feels that his life has ended. People have heard his story, but nobody has spoken on his behalf. As a young man he could live so many more years, but because of his execution he has loosed everything in life. He is uncared and ignored. Death has followed him from the womb and life has become merely a shade although he has everything necessary for life, he is going to be executed.
INTERPRETATION
This poem expresses the feeling of a healthy person who is going to be executed young. The poet is living the remaining moment of life strongly. The on coming death has made him observe his whole life. He evaluates what life has given him. As his execution is unexpected everything in his life is unexpected and unnatural.
CRITICAL THINKING
This poem has three stanzas. It is an elegy (zf]suLt). It express controlled feeing. It is so well expressed and natural and so skillfully composed that it is regarded as the little master piece in literature. The music of the line is serious but not saddening. The seriousness is emphasized by the repetition of the rhymed refrain as though the poet were expecting the slow tolling of the bell announcing his heath.
ASSIMILATION
When I read this poem I identified my self with the poet. I felt vaguely what a young man feels when he is sure to die. I realized that all my connecting with the world would be cut off if I die soon. I felt a XXXX kind of emptiness in life.
CHAPTER THIRTY FIVE
TO AN ATHLETE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
One day the young athlete won the race sponsored by competing municipalities. After his victory he was given a public procession and praised through out the town. The whole town proudly watched all this. Next year the young athlete is being carried through the town once again, not for a victory, but for a memorial, along the same route, but this time in a coffin. The home that the athlete is taken to today is his grave. The athlete is praised for his timely death. The athlete is praise because he will know only victory. He will never know how temporary fame is, nor will he feel the pain of fame fading away. The young man will never know the pain of not winning in the same race the next year, and he is always be remembered as a hero by the living. The death hero can never see his record beaten. He is lucky not to be among those who live longer than their achievements. He should be proud of his winning which he will take to the grave with him. He will always be remembered for his success in life which was signified by the garland that he once wore in his hair.
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us that fame is more short-lived than the life itself. So one should try one's best to maintain be honour. It may also be interpreted to mean that one should always live a famous life by sacrificing anything.
CRITICAL THINKING
The speaker has praise the athlete because he died when his name is at the top. But I disagree with the speaker. I think that life is meant to be lived, not no die just for the shake of honour. But if the speaker is consoling the athlete to accept the sure death I agree with him.
ASSIMILATION
By reading this poem I realized how certain death is. One has to die whether one is young or old, whether one is famous or notorious. But it is batter to die young than to live long being notorious.
CHAPTER THIRTY SIX
THE GREAT ANSWER
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
In a French village near the Spanish border, a lot of refugees had gathered. They all wanted to cross the border and sail safely to the USA. If they were cut by the Gestapo, the secret Germen police, they would be either impression or murdered. Among the refugees were a young mother and her 4 years old daughter. They all met at the foot of the mountain. A guide was leading them all. On the way the weakest old man said that he was tired and unable to climb further, but he asked them to leave him there to die. However the guide insists that the old man should keep on climbing with the child on his shoulder until he died. After this two more old man said the same thing, and they also had to carry the child. After they all had crossed the border safely the three old man felt stronger a, freer and livelier than others
INTERPRETAION
This story might be trying to tell us that life is full of struggle and that those who worked harder even at the critical moment are sure to get success. It may also be interpreted to mean that success welcomes those who are never tired of hard labor.
CRITICAL THINKING
This short story has beautifully presented the great answer for the riddle of life. Norman people worded hard but that work harder untiringly enjoy the fruit of hard work batter. If we read this story literally we may disagree with the writer. We wonder how the weakest and oldest man can carry the child, when he himself is unable to word. But there are many moment in our life when even young people like as feel like the three old men. The only solution to our problem at such a moment is to do like the old man .
ASSIMILATION
This story brought a great change in my life. Now my philosophy of life has become to work untiringly. There is no limitation of age for a hard worker. If hard work tries to discourage as , we should do even harder work.
CHAPTER THIRTY SEVEN
A TALE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Once upon time, a man went in to the jungle and started penance (tk:of) to win suprime knowledge and godhood. He conquered (lhTof]) his flesh and mind and achieve a state of unending meditative delight. Indra, the king of gods was afraid that the sage might seized his throne through penance. Then he sent a beautiful nymph to destroyed the sage's penance. The attractor posture of he nymph in the river made the sage open his eyes involuntarily. Then both of them married and led a domestic life. They help the needy people in the village. But the villagers were suspicious of him and they always blamed the woman for his downfall, but the sage had the same inner peace even when he was leading the domestic life.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that after you get suprime knowledge, it is not necessary for you to live in the jungle, and that you will enjoy the same happiness everywhere. It may also be interpreted to mean that to an enlightened person(1fg kfKt JoQmL) the joy derive from any source is similar.
CRITICAL THINKING
For modern people this story is unacceptable from many point of view. Are god there in the heaven? Are god so envious (jealous) of human beings? Are god so helpless that they really need the help of ordinary human beings?
ASSIMILATION
This story reminded me the story of Vishwamitra and Menaka a nymph, had destroyed the penance of the sage Vishwamitra and they had become the parents of Sakuntala. It also convince me how powerful sexual passion is. It never dies. I have understood my own passion batter and tried to use it correctly.
CHAPTER THIREY EIGHT
STOPPING BY WOOD ON A SNOWY EVENING
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
The speaker is returning home at dusk in his one-horse slag. He stops to enjoy the peace and solitude of the occasion: the snow is falling softly, the woods are inviting and there is no other human to break the silence . but the horse find no reason for stopping: it is growing dark there stretch before them. Collecting on his horse's impatience, the speaker admits that he should move on to keep the commitments he has made.
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us that conflict within the man: shall he yield to the temptation of the beautiful woods or move on to the fulfill his promises ? the driver agree to move on because he has promising and responsibilities to fulfill to humanity during the year before he dies. It may also be interpreted to mean that life is a journey full of beauties and duties but one must performed duties ignoring the beauties.
CRITICAL THINKINH
If we interpret the poem literally we can raise many questions. How can a horse think? Can he asked if there is some mistakes? Is he challenging the driver impractical scene when he has stopped without a farmhouse nearby? This poem has four stanzas. The third line of every stanza accept the last one rhymes with three lines of the following stanzas. But in the last stanza there is no new rhyming word , which suggest that the conflict has came to an end.
ASSIMILATION
By reading this poem I came to know that we should keep on performing our duties until we die. There may be many temptations on the way but we must ignore them and move on to our goal.
CHAPTER THIRY NINE
CONTENTS OF THE DEAD MAN'S POCKETS
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Tom Benecke did not go to the cinema with his wife. Because he wanted to prepare a report for his boss to read at the week end. This report was a path to reach the top in his organization some time in the distant future. when he open the door for his wife to go, a rush of wind drifted the yellow sheet of paper and it slipped out of the window on the ledge of the eleventh story of the building in NewYork. This sheet was necessary to prepare the report and it contented the material he had collected by spending two month. Without thinking seriously, he opened the window forcefully and came out on the narrow ledge. To get the paper he moved side ways along the ledge by holding on to the projected bricks. When he bent down to pick up the paper, he saw the whole city bellow and he almost fainted and fall down. After he picked it up he came back to the window unknowingly. The window was closed and he could not open it. He asked for help, but nobody cared. He could not wait for his wife to return. He had risked his life for a sheet of paper. Finally he broke the window and came in. as he was going to his wife, the paper was drifted again but he laughed at it.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that ambition is the root of many troubles in life. If people were satisfied with what they got in their life, they would be very-very happy. It may also be interpreted to mean that happy family life is batter than the roll of life.
CRITICAL THINKIGN
This story has clearly expressed the near-death experience of a person. But the behavior of Tom is exaggerated (rflxg] eGbf a9L). how can a person walk on the ledge of the eleventh story? How sane is he? Does ambition make man so mad that he risks his life for such an unimportant thing?
ASSIMILATION
By reading this story I came to know how dangerous ambition is. Although we may not behave like Tom we ignore many risky moment in life. When we are in danger, we realize our foolishness. But the moment we are out of danger,. We forget the risk. This story has clearly brought out human thought less ness.
CHAPTER FORTY
WE ARE BREAKING THE SILENCE ABOUT DEATH
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Elisabeth Kublor – Rose work with the dying people in the mid 60 's. Before that time the topic to death was banded. Now death has become a fashionable subject. Through her best selling book " on death and dying" she has alert a new way of handling dying. She has suggested that the people should die in their own homes rather than in a strange hospital. After working with the dying people for a long time, she has pointed out five psychological stages people usually experience when they know that they are going to die soon. These stages are denial, anger or rage, bargaining, depression and acceptance. These reaction are not limited to dying but can take place with any change or lost.
INTERPRETATION
The dying person denies or says "No" when he first knows that he is going to die. The denial makes it easy for him to bear the force of death. At the unconscious level, a person never believes that he will die. From their refusal he begins to hope. Kublor Rose suggest that we should take about death with the patient and arrange to complete all possible things.
Assimilation
When a patient stop denying, he begins to be angry. He is angry seeing other healthy people. When his anger becomes less, he starts to bargaining with god. He wants to become good if he is given some more time to live. After he has accepted his death partially, he becomes depressed. He feels sorry for the past mistakes or incomplete tasks. He want to passed time in isolation. Finally he accept death peacefully and he is not worried about making his life longer. He settles everything. His own diseases also does not worry him. He enjoy the present moment without thinking of the future. He lives the full life.
CHAPTER FORTY ONE
FIVE STAGE OF CRIEF BY LINDA PASTAN
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
When the speaker lost her husband, someone suggest that she should go through the five stage of grief. First of them was denial. She denied his absence and gave him the toast and the paper at the breakfast table. But he hide behind the paper. Then she was angry. Therefore she burned to the toast and took the paper from his hand forcefully and start to read it herself. The third stage was bargaining. What could she exchange for him? What would she gain if she remain silent after quarrelling? Before she decided she was depressed (sad). Their relation was poor and weak. Then she hope for improvement but it was useless. Afterward she accepted his loss but she realize that the matter did not end there. It start again because in conjugal life this kind of grief is a repetitive.
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us that the relation between the husband and the wife is always changing. They can not always live happily compromising with the reality. In their life grief is a circular staircase.
CRITICAL THINKING
Linda Pastan has clearly expressed the bitter experience of a married woman when her relation with her husband becomes bad. This poem is in the form of prose (u3). It sound like drama. The speaker is addressing her husband and pouring (vgfpg') her emotions. The poet has use green and neon for "flickering hope."
ASSIMILATION
When I read this poem I came to know more about the life of the married couple. They have almost similar experiences everywhere in the world. This poem also reminded me of Cublor Ross who has charted five psychological stages of grief.
CHAPTER FORTY TWO
WHERE THE MIND IS WITH OUT FEAR
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
The poet imagines the perfect heaven. There people feel no fear and they are equally respected and they can walk raising their heads. There people can get knowledge freely without any disturbances. The world there is no divided in to smaller countries by any kind on narrow border line. People there will speak the truth and work untiringly until they get perfection. There superstition and tradition do not block the region and people always come to the logical conclusion. In such a world of freedom the poet wants god to awalan (wake up) all his countrymen.
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us the value of reason, knowledge, freedom, universality and honesty. The poet may be trying to create some kind of utopia, that is , an ideal and perfect place where everyone lives in harmony and everything is for the best.
CRITICAL THINKING
This is a prose poem. It is read like a conversation. The poet is talking to the almighty father. It may sound idealistic but it is the poet who can imagine a batter world. This king of should our target. We should try to reach it as closely as possible.
ASSIMILATION
This poem has thought be to live a fearless life. It has also inspired me to live a batter life. It has made me forget my present unhappy condition and imagine a utopian world.
CHAPTER TEN
A FIGHT BETEEN A LION AND A CROCODILE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
It was late evening. The narrator and his friend being to sleep drowsily on the bank of the river. They could hear different kind of roaring sound. Job told them to look to the water toward them. They sow the lion's signing eyes as one of was 15 feet away. Leo fired at the lions and see died. A fully grown male was to step behind her. Suddenly there was a rush and disturbance of the water. The lion uttered a roar. A crocodile had cut him by the leg. The lion pull the crocodile on to the bank and clawed its head, and one of its eyes was turn. Both of them were struggle fiercely. The lion's body up to the hive was in the crocodile's jaws. The lion clawed the crocodile's throat a part. The lion felt on the crocodile's back and died . After a while the crocodile also died.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that there are many more wonderful things in the world of nature. All living things are closely related to their environment, and are equally important in their own place. The lion is the king of the jungle, but the crocodile can defeat him in the water, which is not the kingdom of the lion.
CRITICAL THINKING
There are many things in the story, which seem unbelievable. How can people try to fall as sleep when they hear the rearing sound? How can people feel safe in such a place? Can is a crocodile strong enough to grip a lion? Since this story seems to be realistic, we have to accept many things without questions.
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story I am fully convince that all animals are equally important in the eco –system. Every animals has its importance in its own place. But if it goes to the place to other animals, it will be defeated. There for every living things identifies its habit act and lives accordingly.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
SHEP'S HOBBY
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
James herriot, the narrator, was going to Mr. Bailes's place to see how his cow Rose was. She was suffering from stomach trouble of unknown nature. As the narrator was passing between the two walls, shep suddenly jumped and frightened him. He jumped up in to the air and his heart was beating violently. After giving the Lawage to the cow he wet to home. The next day he was passing through Mr. Bailes's field to see the farmer in the barn. The midday sun, the sweet breeze, the greenery and the solitude impressed Jemes very much. All of a sudden, the sky darkens and roared. It was Shep again. Jemes was so afraid that he almost evacuated (empty) his bowel (stomach). After giving some treacle to the cow, he came again the next day. Now he was happy to see rose all right. But it was the postman who had cured the cow by making her run. Then Jemes was lost in deep thought and solid his hand. To wash the hand as he was going to Mr.Bailes's kitchen, he was frightened again the dog. This time he was so angry that he punished the dog by scolding and threatening. When he comes to Mr. Bailes next time Shep did not frightened him and he was sorry because he had deprived the dog of its pleasure. But later when he found the dog frightening a tinker (pot maker), the speaker was happy.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that any animal has the right to make fun and that there is not much different between dogs and men so far as recreation is concerned.
CRITICAL THINKING
This lovely animal story has some points which might be unacceptable. How could a postman cure the cow which a vet could not? Has a dog's sense of timing so perfect as to frighten the people? Is the story convincing enough? Perhaps we have raised such questions because we have not absence dogs as closely as a vet.
ASSIMILATION
This story has changed by attitudes to animals completely. Before I read this story, I would run away if a dog comes close to me. I would think that it had come to bite me. But now I think that it has come to play with me. Now I love a dog and want to make friend with it.
Chapter twelve
stickeen
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
John Muir, the narrator, in spite of his objection, had to take the dog Stickeen to the dog in icy cold region of Alaska at the request of its master. The creature proves to be a interesting company in the journey. It always followed the narrator even leaving its own master. It never complains. It did not love anyone and did not allow anyone to do so. It did not leave the narrator when he was making the most measurable journey in his life. That day he left the comp early in the raring morning with breakfast in his pocket. The dog some how follow him. They were walking in the snow. There were many crevasses on the way. The narrator crossed them carefully but the dog was moving like the flying cloud. It did not notice any danger. After reaching the end, they were returning to the camp. On the way they were trapped on the island surrounded by crevasses (holes). The only way to cross it was Sliver Bridge. The narrator cut notches (V shape holes) on the bridge. After he crossed the bridge, he again had to cut the holes at the other end to climb up. After he reached the other side he called the dog. But it did not come because it had wisely sensed the danger. When the writer repeatedly threatened to leave it there, it very carefully crossed the bridge. And afterwards it was so happy that it cried and danced and dashed. From that day on, it likes to be a close to the narrator. It might have thought that the narrator was its god
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that experience teaches us more than any thing else. The dog stickeen changed completely after it successfully cross the silver bridge and save its life. It may also be interpreted to mean that there are many things which we find in animals and human beings equally. Friendship and gratitude are equally found in animals.
CRITICAL THINKING
This beautiful story has many points which are normally unacceptable to us. Why do people explore such remote place by putting their lives in danger? Don't they die of cold when they are wet in the icy cold region? Otherwise this story is really impressive. It makes us feel as if we are with the writer making the journey.
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story I came to know so many things about Alaska. I also learned that beauty in nature and danger are interwoven that experience makes one perfects is true even in the case of animals.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
THE uRETCHED STONE
LITERAL COMPREHANSION
When the Rita Anne started her voyage, her crew passed their free time by reading, singing and talking stories. They found a stranger island on the way. They brought a rock from there and place it in the cargo store. Now when the salers were free, they would watch the peculiar light it gave off. The captain missed their music and story telling. Their behavior change. They rarely spoke. They climbed on the rope more easily. Then the captain said that he would throw the rock. After this he did not see any one on the deck. They all had locked themselves in the store waiting the Uretched stone. They suppose that the captain alone could sail the ship. A powerful stream was heading that way. So he went to call them. But surprisingly, they all had turned in to hairy apes. They did not understand the word he said. The storm passed and the ship was still floating. The crews were sad because the stone had gone dark. Then the captain stared playing the violin and reading to them. After this who could read improved more quickly afterwards they were rescued by a passing ship and the Rita Anne was born with the stone
INTERPRETATION
Since the title of this unit is Television, the stone here stands for television. Therefore we may say that this story is trying to tell us something about television. T V makes people dull and finally they were change in to uncivilized once. They don’t understand what is told to them. They neglect their duties. They prefer to pass their whole time sitting before their TV sets.
CRITICAL THINKING
The writer has rightly presented the bad influences of TV on people. But he has not mentioned the advantages people get by watching TV. People can see new places and new people sitting in their own rooms. They can also watch many important historic events. They can get a lot of information from it.
ASSIMILATION
When I read this story I remember my own passed life at home. Years ago I and my brother requested our parents to buy a TV set. When it was brought home, we would watch it only after we had finished our homework. But later we neglect our study. When an interesting programs was being broadcast. We would not even go for our meals. Once the TV set was struck by lightning and our father did not repair it. Then we started doing our homework and everything was all right.
chapter forthteen
Great scott
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
We should not allow our children to go near the Television set. If possible we should not install it at all. In nearly every home child watch TV until their eyes get tired. They sit and watch TV until they are spellbound (dGqd'Sw) and absolutely drunk with very bad things. We allow them to watch TV because they will not fight and do naughty things and they allow us to do our work freely. But we have never supposed that TV will kill their senses and imagination, that they do not understand the imaginary world and that they can not think at all. If you take the set away, they will be unhappy at first and then they will start reading good books as children in the past would do.
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us that, the TV set has prevented children from reading
books. It may also be interpreted to mean that parents are solely responsible for spoiling their children. they have thought of their convenience alone. They have never studied the bad inflect of TV programs on their children
CRITICAL THINKING
This poem has beautifully presented the trouble of every parent. It is true that children don't read any good books a part from their text book. But the poem has ignored the advantage children get by watching TV. When classic was televised they will be interested in watching more such serious. When they don't get such serials they borrow classics from the library and read them. More over TV helps them to imaging much more clearly. How does it kill their imagination Del.?
ASSIMILATION
This poem has help me to understand why children passed most of their time before their TV set. It hypnotizes them. I also came to know why the younger generation thinks differently. They have taken in so many good as well as bad things from different sources including TV. Modern culture has been changing rapidly because of television.
CHAPTER FIFTHTEEN
CARBING THE ONE –EYED MONSTER
(CURB=CONTROL)
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Television stations are owned by very rich people. They do not tell us the truth. Their main purpose is to handover us to advertisers as long as possible. Ordinary people are tired of protesting against them. The easiest way to make our home TV free or to put our TV set on the curb. We may missed very useful programs and become outsiders. But we can use the spare time to do something really valuable. We can live a real life. We can make our self familiar with the highest quality in art, music and literature. But TV present us the lower quality of all these and reality in fragments and thus misguides us. We don't know what reality is? We do what the advertiser or rich people want us to do. We fill their pockets with our money. So, the effective way to save us is to boycott (alx:sf/) TV otherwise we will be getting misinformation. We have been compelled (afWo) to feel that our natural life is worse and therefore we being to live artificially.
INTERPRETATION
This assay tell us that rich people and bigness man have made us puppets (s7k'tnL). They will use us the way they like. They will use us for their own advantages by misguiding us. They will never give us anything of the best quality. Therefore we have to protect ourselves from their exploitation.(misuse)
CRITICAL THINKING
Although the writer has presented some of the advantage of TV, he has emphasized its bad aspects. He has made us escapists (eu'jf). Instead of fighting against the rich people, he wants us to stop watching TV. If we do so we will missed many good programs. If every one throws their TV sets where shall we go to watch the historical events? Can't we make a choice and watch only good programs?
ASSIMILATION
This assay has help me to understand many of the things which I did not understand before. Now I have understood how easily people imitate (gSsn ug'{) mannerism and why people watch TV. They don't like to be outsiders. I also know why people use the things advertise on TV. They want to be number one.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
TEACHING IN THE TELEVISION CULTUR
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
When English teacher learn that their students were born in the house where the television was always on and when they consider TV at the park, they become worried about their students. They like a anti-TV tale in which the main character Lennie, addicted to TV, later things that TV people are not real. In the beginning of the TV era (age) many critics thought that TV was responsible for lowering the quality of students and people in generation. They supposed that people would be less educated after a decade (10 years time) or so. The critics did not support when TV was used for educational purpose. In reality, today's students were brought up with TV which plays an important role in their lives. Actually TV does not cause addiction. The viewers are not concentrated in one particular program. There are commercial and TV serials being broadcast alternately. With the remote control, many stations can be viewed alternately. Moreover there is an interaction between the real world and the TV world. A viewer is a traveler, who goes from one world to another. Homework and TV can be handling at the same time.
INTERPRETATION
This assay might be trying to tell us that TV is not as harmful as people in the past considered it to be. It has become a part of modern life. This assay has also presented a new theory of perception( learn, knowledge) which stressed (hf]8 lbg') that it is possible to group so many things at the same time from various sources.
CRITICAL THINKING
This assay has presented the modern situation realistically. It has put forward the idea of past generation, who considered TV harmful and later on it has beautifully presented a new approach of perception. Whenever we learn we can get so many things from different sources. It is possible to write a letter and to watch the news on the TV at the same time.
ASSIMILATION
When I read this assay I understood how some of my friends solve their math's problem when their radio is on. They can do both things at the same time. Perhaps modern generation is smarter than the earlier generation. They grasp whatever they need from various sources.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
MARRIAGE IS A PRIVATE AFFAIR
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
The marriage in the city of Logos of Nneameka and Nene is against the custom of the bridegroom's village by cutting across religious tribal (hftLo) and family beliefs. Everything is against Nane: She comes from Lagos, She is not an Ibo and she is a school teacher. Such on event has never happened in the history of the village. The opposition is express by Mnaemeka's father, who, after the event rejects any kinds of compromise. The villagers propose various suggestions but he reject them all. Even after eight years there has been no change in the father. But when a letter from his daughter in law arrives telling him about unknown grandson, his strong resistance being to grow weaker. And he feels sorry and imagines that he has left his grandson outside in the raring weather.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that marriage is a private affair and that the society should no go against the wishes of the marriage partner. Such a marriage life is happier than the life of those who are marriage traditionally. If may also be interpreted to mean that in a rapidly changing society the open conflict of the first and the second generation is resolved through the innocent third generation.
CRITICAL THINKING
This story questions the custom of arrange marriage by showing the prejudice (narrow minded) against intertribal marriage and calls for acceptance and understanding to protect and institutions (/LtLl/jfh) believed to be the foundation of society. This beautiful story represents the traditional society all over the world. The writer presents this as a victory of natural forces of kin and affection over custom. The society gradually changes and the older generation has to accept the new situation slowly. I did not find any weakness in this story
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story I understood myself and my father batter. In our society fathers are like Okeke, and sons revolt (ljb[f]x) against fathers if they do not accept their son's desire. This story has encouraged us to find out a marriage partner who will have all the good qualities of Nene or Nnaemeka. Only does an educated partner make a marriage life happy.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
THE CABULIWALLAH
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
One day Mini called a Cabuliwallah but when he came to her, she ran away. In order to remove the fear of the child, the narrator, her father, brought her close to the street trader (vender, ;8s Jofkf/L) from that day on, the child and the vender become close friend. They would tell stories and jokes and would be very happy. Once the cabuliwallah was imprisoned for several years and he was forgotten. But on Mini's wedding day he appeared again with some dry fruit for his little Mini. The narrator learn that Rehaman! The cabuliwallah would visit Mini because she reminded him of his own daughter parvati in Afghanistan. Then he called Mini, who was in her wedding dress. Rehaman was quite surprised to see the grown up Mini and thought of his own daughter. The narrator out his expenses and gave him a hundred –rupee note so that he could go home to see his daughter.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that friendship and that human beings are same in all over the world. So far as parental love is concerned. It may also be interpreted to mean that self sacrifices are the root of happiness. The Cabuliwallah was happy because he loved somebody else child as his own. Similarly the narrator also gave a hundred rupees to Rehaman and was happy thinking of the long-lost father meeting with his only child.
CRITICAL THINKING
This story has many beautiful aspects which touch our heart. If shows that love is the basis of human existence. If clearly express the pain of all the people who have to leave their home and go abroad to earn money in order to support their family. But we don't agree with the narrator regarding some of the things, Likes mini's mother, we would not allow our children to visit a stranger everyday. Hoe can Rehaman's daughter's name be parvati?
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story my attitude to the vender have totally change. Now I look to them with loving eyes. I think them as human beings who are compelled to leave their house because of their poverty. I take an interest in them. If possible I purchase things from them and thus I help them. My attitudes have been broadened.
CHAPTER NINETEEN
THE SAVAGE MALE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
The Yanomamo is one of the most aggressive (cfsfds), war like and male oriented societies in the world. The body of adult males or females are covered with the wounds(3fpx?) and scars. Wife have to obey their husbands immediately. Other wise they are punished. Brother-in- low are close relatives, with whom they take drugs together. Because of the hallucinogenic drugs, the Yanomamo males have supernatural visions. And can endure several pain in different types of duels. Menstruated (/h:jnf) girls and women kept separately. Male superiority is seen in different types of duels. In the chest pounding duels, the guest hit on the chest of the host with fist as hard as he can. But later the host also hits the guest back on the chest. The more one receives, the more one can hit back. In the side slapping duel, the opponent hits with the open hands just bellow the ribs. In the club fight the competitor sticks on the head with a pole. The spear is also dangerous. The fight against the relatives and enemies is quite common. The alliance of the Yanomamo depends on the military power. They past most of time by fighting.
INERPRETATION
This assay has clearly express the lifestyle of the Yanomamo people. It shows that their life is full of struggle. In order to survive they have to keep on fighting
CRITICAL THINKING
The essayist has presented a banned view in this assay. He has quoted chignon, a male researcher, whose attitude was male oriented. He has also presented the views of Judith sapiro, a female researcher. Thus he has tried to be unbiased.
ASSIMILATION
By reading this assay I have come to know many things about male oriented society. In such society, women and girls are always abuse. (g/fdf] Jojxf/) they have to do what the male want. They make myths (bGTosyf) to prove males superior. But, on the other hand, males are more precocious (8/nfUbf]) and war like. I become sad when I imagine the life of the Yanomamo people who always fighting and never at peace.
CHAPTER TWENTY
HOW SANE ARE WE?
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
The concept of wise and good rulers is merely imaginary. In fact, our collective decision making process is unreasonable. Let us take the example of the use of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon). Some 20% of green house effects is caroused by CFCs. Also, they will reduce the ozone very much. If this very thin protective shield (sjr) is destroyed. The ultraviolet radiation of the sun will disturb natural eco-system, lower agricultural productivity, suppress the human immunity system and raise the incidence of skin cancer and eye cataracts.
INTERPRETATION
CFCs are use as coolants, foam-blowing against, propellants and cleaning against in computer chips. If these long live substances reach the stratosphere, they will reduce the ozone layer. No one has so far paid any serious attention to the scientist's warning. The government and CFC makers have delayed to ban their use. And their harmful effects have already been seen in Australia and Chile.
CRITICLA THINKING
Some considered that the decision of phase out their global use is a proof of collective misbehavior. In 1974 scientist warned about their harmful effects, but there was a long gap between the warning and their ban. So these people compare the ozone tale to Karel Capek's "war with Newts". In this science fiction, highly productive salamanders were protected from sharks, their controllers by their discovers in exchange for pearls. These creatures were use for the other purpose too. Soon they ran out of living space to accommodate their growing numbers. They flooded countries, one at a time. At the end, humanity was in danger not by the Newts but by the greed. Short- sightedness and great stupidity of human beings.
ASSIMILATION
The world is not a completely rational place. In 1935 there was only one enemy, Hitler but now there are many more enemies. Like the Newts. We are reproducing at a surprising rate. Our weapons have becomes for more destructive. If we don’t think and do politics sensibly, we may put humanity in danger.
CHAPTER TWENTYONE
TO KNOW FLY
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Scientific experiment beginning with an act faith and continuous with an observation and a question. It is scientist's way of asking nature of question. They changes condition observe a result and draw a conclusion. But these most be purpose experiment control and co-relation with cause and effect should not confused.
INTERPRETATION
By asking write question and by observing cleverly a scientist can find out what the fly's sense of test is. Flies walk about in the food and constantly bring out their proboscis when they see on sweet things, they louder their proboscis (tongue). The biology's first guess that tasted with its feet.
CHAPTER TWENTYTWO
KING JOHN AND THE ABBOT OF CANTENBURY
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
King John was jealous of Abbot of Canterbury for his house keeping and good name. The Abbot was sent for and the king asked him three questions. He also told him that if he could not answer the questions, his head would be removed from his body. The questions were :( 1) what was the price of the king with his crown on his head? (2) How quickly could the king ride around the earth? (3) What was the king thinking at the moment? The Abbot could not answer them immediate and asked for two weeks time. Then he went to Cambridge and Oxford University to get the help of the scholars there. When nobody helped him, he came home looking very sad. But his shepherd (e]8fuf]7fnf) promised to help him. Them getting dress like the bishop, he went to king john and answer all his questions. First, he replied that the king's price was twenty-nine pence because Christ was sold for thirty pence and that he was one penny worse than the Lord. Secondly he answered that if the king rode at the speed of the sun when it rose in the morning he could go around the earth in 24 hours. Thirdly he said that the king was thinking that the Abbot of cantenbary was answering his questions. But it was his shepherd that was answering. The king was satisfy with all the answers and pardoned the Abbot and gave the shepherd four nobles a week
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us that a common man can be wiser than educated person. It may also be interpreted to mean that everyday reality teaches man more than a library of books can.
CRITICAL THINKING
When I read this poem I was quite surprised to know that so difficult questions can have so simple answers. We are very please with the witty (a'lbdQfk"0f{) answers of the shepherd.
ASSIMILATION
This poem had thought me the value of the common people. Previously I used to think that being an under graduate student I was for more superior to my illiterate neighbors. But now my false pride has been shattered (6'sf6's).
I have started to respect them and expect practical advice from them.
CHAPTER TWENTY THREE
THIRD THOUGHT
LITERAL COMPREHENSIN
The narrator's friend was not a successful businessman. He always bought of thing at a high price and sold at a low price. But one day he bought a genume turner for 10 shillings and sold for 50 pound considering the good nature of dealer. He wanted to share the half of the profit with him but when he reconsidered, he did not like to be an idealist. He supposed that 10 pound would be in off. He again thought that if he gave him 10 pound the sellers would always expected money from every and XXXXX and spoil him business. So he decided to give him 5 pound. He then found a new option. If he gave him 5 pound the goodness of business would be angry. So 1 pounds gift would be enough. Afterwards he went to the club and loss all he had while playing cards. Then he came the conclusion that after the business had taken place there would be no obligation between the lealer and the customers.
INTERPRETATION
This essay might be trying to tell us that everyone become and idealist in the beginning and that the more he thinks the worse practical becomes. It may also be interpreted to mean that everyone is bad by nature and then he makes so many excuses to proved that he is not so.
CRITICAL THINKING
This essay has beautifully excused human nature . we try to find out excuses for everything we do, but don’t agree with the narrator's friend when he wants to share half of his profit. Is any one so much of a fool to share the profit? Does any one show his weakness to give the thing which he is not obliged to give?
ASSIMILATION
After reading this essay I come to understand myself batter. Like the speaker's friend I kept on barging with my soul. When I start preparation just the examination every year I promised that I will do it early years next time but after the examination is over I find so many excuses for not doing so and sometime I cant take an examination too. Changing opinion and making them suitable to what one likes is human weakness.
CHAPTER TWEENTYFOUR
WHO WAS TO BLAME
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
INTERPRETATION
When I read this story I came to know that we should learn things without being forced. Many of the parents want their children to read all the time. They do not allow to children to play. So the children are frightened of books and never become good students. Even now like the narrator I shiver (sfDg') when I see my father coming to me with book in his hand.
This story clearly brings out the theory of learning. If we read this story literally, we can not accept many of the things. How can the narrator imagine what is going on in the mind of the cat? Is it true that tomcat runs away seeing a mouse?
This story might be trying to tell us that one should learn things naturally. The more one to force to learn, the more one dislikes and each frightened of it. It may also be interpreted to mean that punishment will have a negative influence on the learner.
Pyoter Demyanitch, the narrator's uncle and high school teacher decided to train a kitten when his hat and book were eaten by mice. When the mouse was trapped in the mouse trap, the kitten was brought closer to the trap. The kitten sniffed (;'Wof]) it and looked around wonderingly. When the kitten and the mouse were released, the mouse ran under the sofa and the kitten under the table. The uncle dragged the kitten and shook him the air. Being frightened, he passed the whole night under stove. When another mouse was cut the next day, the kitten trembled and mewed piteously seeing the mouse and the trap. He jumped hide under the sofa when the mouse was released. The kitten was bitten. After the forth attempt the uncle decided not to train him. A year later, he grew in to a tomcat but when he saw a mouse he ran away although he was going to the she –cat to express his love. Like the cat the narrator also runs away when he sees his uncle with a Latin book
CRITICAL THINKING
ASSIMILATION
CHAPTER TWEENTY FIVE
THE BURDEN OF SKEPTICISM
(SKEPTICISM=REFUSE TO ACCEPT A CALIM WITHOUT ANY PROOF)
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
Skepticism is found in every day life. If we have to buy a used car we examining it even if we do not have any ideas about the car. If we buy it without examining, we know that we may have to be sorry for it. In some cases we use skepticism, but in politics and commercials we do not use it. So we cheated a little. But if we do not use it in the case of medicine we have we have to bear a great loss.
INTERPRETATION
If we study the whole history of mankind, we find that they have always accepted some kind of popular belief system. The reason for this is that all human needs are never fulfilled. These unfulfilled needs may be satisfied by these beliefs. It is natural for us to have a desire to take our dead relatives. And we would be happy when we learn that our spirit does not die and our existence will not come to an end forever.
CRITICAL THINKING
There are many channels who claim that they can contact with the spirit of a person long- long ago. But these spirits do not answer any specific questions and they answer only general and vague (unclear) questions. Their specific answer would have helps us a lot to know about the society of the past.
ASSIMILATION
Skepticism is dangerous. So it is not taught in school. Skepticism and openness to new ideas are equally necessary for human progress. If we are too open, we will not be in opposition to tell a difference between what is good and what is bad. But, on the other hand, if we are too skeptical, no new ideas will find any place. Scientist forms new ideas in to their minds in the form of hypothesis and examining them closely. If their ideas are proved correct they will be accepted. If they are proved false later on, the scientists will accept that they have made a mistake. But religious and political leaders never accept what is against their principles, however wrong their ideas may be.
CHAPTER TWEENTY SIX
MR. KNOW ALL
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
The narrator was a white man and he did not like his cabin met, Max Kelada just because he was of an Egyptian origin. Kelada was sociable and within three days he new everyone in board. He would organize all games and lotteries. But he was a bit insistent (lh88L). He did not no that he was unwanted and the title "Mr. know all" given to him was a praiseworthy term he supposed. Once he claimed that he was expert in pearls and the pearls worsened by Mrs. Ramsay wear real once, not cultural once. Mr. Ramsay bed a hundred dollar on it. Then Keleda examining them closely and found that they were real. But as he was about to speak, he saw Mr.Ramsay's face turning pale. So he said that the pearls were not real. Although he was ready to become full for this, he said the happy conjugal life of the Ramsay. He gave a hundred dollar note to Mr. Ramsay but Mr. Ramsay returned it secretly to Kelada. Then the narrator did not dislike him entirely.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that a man becomes great not by his color, but by his thoughtful action. Max Kelada is a great man because he considered the value of others people's life greater than his won personal respect. It may also be interpreted to mean that the whites are intolerant of the non whites. Even at the end of the story the narrator still heisted to praise Kelada.
CRITICAL THINKING
This story represents biased (one-sided) attitudes towards non-whites. The narrator hates Kelada because he was not white, so do all other passengers. Just on this ground, in spite of being hated by everyone, why6 was kelada ready to help them? Was he ignorant of their hatred as the narrator supposed? Was he not a noble person who considered the goodness of everyone?
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story I came to know a lot about the westerners. They do hate Asians and Africans. They are really narrow- minded. Although the writer's view may be different, he has clearly expressed the attitude of the whites.
CHAPTER TWEENTY SEVEN
KEEPING ERROR AT BAY
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
We can avoid silly errors if we follow a few simple rules. First, if the case can be decided by observation we should observe our selves. Without knowing the things if we supposed that we know it we make serious mistakes. The classical writers have made such mistakes.
Secondly, if we can not observe the matter we have to make ourselves aware of our own bias ( one sided) when we do not get the right region to support our conviction, we get anger. In knowledge, there is no anger. By comparing our opinion with that of these, we can be free from some kind of dogmatism (s6/kG7L). We have to read the purpose of the opposite party. We have to go abroad to broaden our minds. But we should not imitate the forgner foolish custom.
It we can not travel, we can have an imaginary talk with the persons who support opposite views.
Moreover we should not flatter our self-esteem. Both man and women claim that their own sex is superior and they can present strong argument to support their views. Similarly, every country man things that his own country is superior to all, in fact every one or every nation has his or its merits and demerits. If we are bias se highlight the merits and ignore the demerits. Thus we can prove our sex or nation is superior. If we are proud of being human beings we should look our self in the perspective of the universe. In the vast universe, human life is the brief event and their might be other superior creatures who suppose that human beings are insignificant.
Finally we should avoid fear. It is the main source of superstition and cruelty. If we can get rid of it, we start getting wisdom and we shall find out to the truth.
CHAPTER TWEENTY NINE
THE TINNY CLOSET
Closet = small room
Mr. New bold = Roomer-tenant
Mr. Crosby = land lady
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
Mr. Newbold, a roomer in a mid western city in the USA, calls his land lady Mrs. Crosby. He asked her not to let anyone open his room because as long as he lives there it is his own room. Mrs. Crosby consoles him and he goes out. Then she calls-up her friend and both of them enter his room out of curiosity. Mr.Newbold also came in, but hides himself when the ladies came down stairs. Earlier the land lady supposed that he might be a spy (hf;';) or a criminal or a lunatic (kfun) or a communist. But now she has seen many beautiful hats in his room. She holding a women's large and graceful hat in her hand, then she find her hat- making roomer quite unusual. His cleanness has also surprised her. After this event she can not tolerate him and plane to send him out of her house. Mr. Newbold weeps at his helplessness, when the lady goes in to her kitchen later he recovers and takes a great hatpin in his hand and calls her with the intention of killing her.
INTERPRETATION
This play might be trying to tell us that we should try to live a normal life. Mr. Newbold, being a man, was unusually neat and clean and he would not allow any one to go into his room. So the landlady was suspicious (z+sfn') of him and went into his room secretly with her friend. As result she was victimized. It may also be interpreted to mean that jealousy and over curiosity are harmful.
CRITICAL THINKING
This play has beautifully presented how curiosity leads to destruction. But are all the land ladies are as curious as Mrs.crosby and break into the tenant's room? Are men as coward as Mr. Newbold? Do they weep when they are helpless? Can such a coward produce any harmful things to the landlady?
ASSIMILATION
When I read this play I came to know many things about human nature. It is human weakness to have a desire to eat the forbidden apple. When the secrecy is disclosed, it makes people more terrible. Human beings are never satisfied with their present situation. The more they know, the more they are upset.
Chapter thirty
TO HIS COY MISTRESS
Coy = shy
Mistress = beloved
LETERAL COMPREHENSION
In the first stanza, the speaker imagines a world in which lovers have unlimited time. In this situation her unwillingness to make love would be no crime. In a series of complement, he prays her beauty by saying that each part of her deserves to be praised for many years. The second stanza denies the first/ no one has unlimited time. The time allow to us is short and we are chased by "times winged chariot" and before as lies death with its emptiness. The speaker sees his mistress in her grave with the warms attracting that long preserved virginity that she had refused him. The conclusion maintains the sense of urgency. It argues for life over death. The lovers are like amorous bird of pray that devour their time using it up more quickly by living life to the full. We can not stop time but we can live every moment of life lively and vigorously (strongly)
INTERPRETATION
This poem expresses the speaker's desire for sexual union with the loved one and the abstract to that union. It usage a carpe demonetize the day argument in urging sexual union. The speaker means to say that life is short and uncertain, so one must enjoy all the pleasures one can.
CRITICAL THINKING
The three stanza in the poem have a logical relation to each other. The argument of the speaker may be summarized thus: if we had time enough your coyness would be no crime; but as he do not have unlimited time, your coyness is unacceptable; therefore you must give up your coyness and satisfy your desire.
ASSIMILATION
After reading this poem I am more convinced about the value of time. In fact "time and tide wait for no one." The wise size it and make their lives successful. Whether we pursue our study or we make love, time is equally important.
Chapter thirty one
THE TELEGRAM ON THE TABLE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Krishna looked at the telegram on the table. It had been laying there for weeks. It was about a tragic event and one of the friends from his village had expressed his sympathy. But Krishna was not touch at all. He did his everything works normally. He would explain Nepali arts and culture to the tourists in his own way. He had a great desire to go abroad with some tourist girl. He had nourished this dream and had not thought about his village. He was lost in the city life. But tonight the telegram on the table attracts him. He could not fall a sleep. He did not want to think about the telegram but he could not neglect it either. It haunted him and finally he wept bitterly thinking of his wife, who had died weeks before.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that, the fate of many young people who came to the city and forget their home. They don't like to think of their pass lives. They live by dreaming of the batter future. It also informs us about their unhappy life.
CRITICAL THINKING
I agree with the writer when he describes the story of rural people visiting towns and cities. They do forget their parents and relatives. But is it possible for a husband not to feel sorry at the death of his wife for such a long time? Is he a stone or a man? Does it not seem unrealistic?
ASSIMILATION
When I read "The telegram on the table" I felt that it is my own story. I was always woven (a'g]sf]) a beautiful dream of going overseas and earning a lot of money. But this story has force me to think about my home and family. Then I wonder if I am right in forgetting my past completely. Anyway I have realized my mistakes and now I will try to keep in touch with my village and family.
CHAPTER THIRTY TWO
A PAINFUL CASE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Mr. James Daffy, a middle aged bachelor lives an adventure less life in the beginning. But adventure comes when he meets Mrs. Emily Sinico by chance. They see each other at concert and make appointments and finally he visits her regularly at her home. Their friendship grows. He shares his intellectual life with her. She enjoys the break in her solitude (loneliness) but one night she makes the mistake of catching of his hand passionately and pressing it to her cheeks. He leaves her for ever. But four years later, Mr. Duffy reads in the paper of the lady's death. She has been knocked down by a train in a state of intoxication (drunkenness). Mr. Duffy's first reaction is one of hatred at such excessive drunkenness and of self-righteousness. On second thoughts however he feels uneasy and after a fit at self-pity realizes the burden of loneliness.
INTERPRETATION
This story tells as about loveless ness. It describes two painful cases: a man who denies (say "No") love and a woman vainly search for it. It also tells us about loneliness. Lonely people fail to communicate with each other. But they realize the value of love and companionship only when it is very late.
CRITICAL THINKING
The writer has presented the extra married love in this story and laughed at the main character because he refused such love. Living in the conservative Nepali society, we agree with James Duffy, not with the writer. How can we accept the love between married woman and a bachelor? How such a moralist did realized his mistake? How could he reel sorry for Mrs. Sinico?
ASSIMILATION
When I read this story I identified myself with Mrs. Sinico. I do not support her immoral love if she really wanted it. But I support her desire for friendship. Life is really lonely and hard to live if there is no one to love. In such a situation, one must have a friend. Otherwise, one become weak and starts drinking.
CRITICAL THINKING
To do an experiment we can provide the fly with handle by attached it on a stick with wax. Then we can lover it gently over sauces of water until its feet just touch the water if the fly is thirsty, it will lower its proboscis as soon as its feet's touch the water and will suck in keenly. After its thirsty has been reduce it will pull back the proboscis next. We can lower the fly into a saucer of sugared water. It will take out the proboscis again. Then there is plane water the proboscis will be in and when there is sugar water the proboscis will be out.
ASSIMILATION
The fly has a more acute(tLj) sense of taste than human beings. It can taste even the weaker solution than we can taste. It can also distinguish between different kind of sugar. Grave sugar, cane sugar, malt sugar, milk sugar, beat sugar. But it not flood artificial sweetness. The fly knows the different between sweet taste and other kinds of taste. It accepts sweet taste and request other kind of taste. It can find out which sugar solution has more salt touch the sugar water it sucks in the dye
CHAPTER THIRTY THREE
THE LADY WITH THE DOG
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Gurov saw Anna at Yalta, a seaside town. Both of them had arrived there for their holiday. Anna's husband was expected to join her there. But when he did not come Gurov went to her hotel and made love with her. Anna was sorry for what she had done. Then Gurov consoled and both of them spent the day together, dining, lunching, and visiting places. When Anna got a later from her husband, she went back home. But she told Gurov that she would never visit him. Gurov also went home in Moscow, but he did could not forget Anna. He met her at the theater and she promised to come to Moscow. After this, she would see him in Moscow once in every two or three months. Although they were growing older, they felt that they loved each other more and more. But they were force to live separately. They were planning to live in the same city and see each other openly. But it would be very difficult.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that true love beginning when people become more experienced and when they have cross the barrier of lust (passion). It may also be interpreted to mean that human beings are puppets in the hand of fate. We do not know whom we love and whom we marry. Anyway, this story stands as a remarkable proof of the writer's belief in the value of human love.
CRITICAL THINKING
This story has beautifully presented the unlawful love of two married persons. Both of them do not love their spouses. But plan to live in the same city seeing each other openly. Will their plan be successful? Will their spouses accept their love? Should they not be punished for their unlawful love? These are some of the question which arias in our minds when we read this story.
ASSIMILATION
After reading this story I realize how important love is in human life. It is the only shelter for human beings. Wealth and education do not makes one's life complete if there is no one to love truly.
CHAPTER THIRTY FOUR
ON THE EVE OF HIS EXECUTION
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Although young, the poet is very unhappy. There is no sign of happiness. There is only pain. His corn field is full of weeds. He can hope unsuccessfully for batter future. But there is no sign of batter life after waiting for such a long time. Although he is alive he feels that his life has ended. People have heard his story, but nobody has spoken on his behalf. As a young man he could live so many more years, but because of his execution he has loosed everything in life. He is uncared and ignored. Death has followed him from the womb and life has become merely a shade although he has everything necessary for life, he is going to be executed.
INTERPRETATION
This poem expresses the feeling of a healthy person who is going to be executed young. The poet is living the remaining moment of life strongly. The on coming death has made him observe his whole life. He evaluates what life has given him. As his execution is unexpected everything in his life is unexpected and unnatural.
CRITICAL THINKING
This poem has three stanzas. It is an elegy (zf]suLt). It express controlled feeing. It is so well expressed and natural and so skillfully composed that it is regarded as the little master piece in literature. The music of the line is serious but not saddening. The seriousness is emphasized by the repetition of the rhymed refrain as though the poet were expecting the slow tolling of the bell announcing his heath.
ASSIMILATION
When I read this poem I identified my self with the poet. I felt vaguely what a young man feels when he is sure to die. I realized that all my connecting with the world would be cut off if I die soon. I felt a XXXX kind of emptiness in life.
CHAPTER THIRTY FIVE
TO AN ATHLETE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
One day the young athlete won the race sponsored by competing municipalities. After his victory he was given a public procession and praised through out the town. The whole town proudly watched all this. Next year the young athlete is being carried through the town once again, not for a victory, but for a memorial, along the same route, but this time in a coffin. The home that the athlete is taken to today is his grave. The athlete is praised for his timely death. The athlete is praise because he will know only victory. He will never know how temporary fame is, nor will he feel the pain of fame fading away. The young man will never know the pain of not winning in the same race the next year, and he is always be remembered as a hero by the living. The death hero can never see his record beaten. He is lucky not to be among those who live longer than their achievements. He should be proud of his winning which he will take to the grave with him. He will always be remembered for his success in life which was signified by the garland that he once wore in his hair.
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us that fame is more short-lived than the life itself. So one should try one's best to maintain be honour. It may also be interpreted to mean that one should always live a famous life by sacrificing anything.
CRITICAL THINKING
The speaker has praise the athlete because he died when his name is at the top. But I disagree with the speaker. I think that life is meant to be lived, not no die just for the shake of honour. But if the speaker is consoling the athlete to accept the sure death I agree with him.
ASSIMILATION
By reading this poem I realized how certain death is. One has to die whether one is young or old, whether one is famous or notorious. But it is batter to die young than to live long being notorious.
CHAPTER THIRTY SIX
THE GREAT ANSWER
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
In a French village near the Spanish border, a lot of refugees had gathered. They all wanted to cross the border and sail safely to the USA. If they were cut by the Gestapo, the secret Germen police, they would be either impression or murdered. Among the refugees were a young mother and her 4 years old daughter. They all met at the foot of the mountain. A guide was leading them all. On the way the weakest old man said that he was tired and unable to climb further, but he asked them to leave him there to die. However the guide insists that the old man should keep on climbing with the child on his shoulder until he died. After this two more old man said the same thing, and they also had to carry the child. After they all had crossed the border safely the three old man felt stronger a, freer and livelier than others
INTERPRETAION
This story might be trying to tell us that life is full of struggle and that those who worked harder even at the critical moment are sure to get success. It may also be interpreted to mean that success welcomes those who are never tired of hard labor.
CRITICAL THINKING
This short story has beautifully presented the great answer for the riddle of life. Norman people worded hard but that work harder untiringly enjoy the fruit of hard work batter. If we read this story literally we may disagree with the writer. We wonder how the weakest and oldest man can carry the child, when he himself is unable to word. But there are many moment in our life when even young people like as feel like the three old men. The only solution to our problem at such a moment is to do like the old man .
ASSIMILATION
This story brought a great change in my life. Now my philosophy of life has become to work untiringly. There is no limitation of age for a hard worker. If hard work tries to discourage as , we should do even harder work.
CHAPTER THIRTY SEVEN
A TALE
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Once upon time, a man went in to the jungle and started penance (tk:of) to win suprime knowledge and godhood. He conquered (lhTof]) his flesh and mind and achieve a state of unending meditative delight. Indra, the king of gods was afraid that the sage might seized his throne through penance. Then he sent a beautiful nymph to destroyed the sage's penance. The attractor posture of he nymph in the river made the sage open his eyes involuntarily. Then both of them married and led a domestic life. They help the needy people in the village. But the villagers were suspicious of him and they always blamed the woman for his downfall, but the sage had the same inner peace even when he was leading the domestic life.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that after you get suprime knowledge, it is not necessary for you to live in the jungle, and that you will enjoy the same happiness everywhere. It may also be interpreted to mean that to an enlightened person(1fg kfKt JoQmL) the joy derive from any source is similar.
CRITICAL THINKING
For modern people this story is unacceptable from many point of view. Are god there in the heaven? Are god so envious (jealous) of human beings? Are god so helpless that they really need the help of ordinary human beings?
ASSIMILATION
This story reminded me the story of Vishwamitra and Menaka a nymph, had destroyed the penance of the sage Vishwamitra and they had become the parents of Sakuntala. It also convince me how powerful sexual passion is. It never dies. I have understood my own passion batter and tried to use it correctly.
CHAPTER THIREY EIGHT
STOPPING BY WOOD ON A SNOWY EVENING
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
The speaker is returning home at dusk in his one-horse slag. He stops to enjoy the peace and solitude of the occasion: the snow is falling softly, the woods are inviting and there is no other human to break the silence . but the horse find no reason for stopping: it is growing dark there stretch before them. Collecting on his horse's impatience, the speaker admits that he should move on to keep the commitments he has made.
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us that conflict within the man: shall he yield to the temptation of the beautiful woods or move on to the fulfill his promises ? the driver agree to move on because he has promising and responsibilities to fulfill to humanity during the year before he dies. It may also be interpreted to mean that life is a journey full of beauties and duties but one must performed duties ignoring the beauties.
CRITICAL THINKINH
If we interpret the poem literally we can raise many questions. How can a horse think? Can he asked if there is some mistakes? Is he challenging the driver impractical scene when he has stopped without a farmhouse nearby? This poem has four stanzas. The third line of every stanza accept the last one rhymes with three lines of the following stanzas. But in the last stanza there is no new rhyming word , which suggest that the conflict has came to an end.
ASSIMILATION
By reading this poem I came to know that we should keep on performing our duties until we die. There may be many temptations on the way but we must ignore them and move on to our goal.
CHAPTER THIRY NINE
CONTENTS OF THE DEAD MAN'S POCKETS
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Tom Benecke did not go to the cinema with his wife. Because he wanted to prepare a report for his boss to read at the week end. This report was a path to reach the top in his organization some time in the distant future. when he open the door for his wife to go, a rush of wind drifted the yellow sheet of paper and it slipped out of the window on the ledge of the eleventh story of the building in NewYork. This sheet was necessary to prepare the report and it contented the material he had collected by spending two month. Without thinking seriously, he opened the window forcefully and came out on the narrow ledge. To get the paper he moved side ways along the ledge by holding on to the projected bricks. When he bent down to pick up the paper, he saw the whole city bellow and he almost fainted and fall down. After he picked it up he came back to the window unknowingly. The window was closed and he could not open it. He asked for help, but nobody cared. He could not wait for his wife to return. He had risked his life for a sheet of paper. Finally he broke the window and came in. as he was going to his wife, the paper was drifted again but he laughed at it.
INTERPRETATION
This story might be trying to tell us that ambition is the root of many troubles in life. If people were satisfied with what they got in their life, they would be very-very happy. It may also be interpreted to mean that happy family life is batter than the roll of life.
CRITICAL THINKIGN
This story has clearly expressed the near-death experience of a person. But the behavior of Tom is exaggerated (rflxg] eGbf a9L). how can a person walk on the ledge of the eleventh story? How sane is he? Does ambition make man so mad that he risks his life for such an unimportant thing?
ASSIMILATION
By reading this story I came to know how dangerous ambition is. Although we may not behave like Tom we ignore many risky moment in life. When we are in danger, we realize our foolishness. But the moment we are out of danger,. We forget the risk. This story has clearly brought out human thought less ness.
CHAPTER FORTY
WE ARE BREAKING THE SILENCE ABOUT DEATH
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Elisabeth Kublor – Rose work with the dying people in the mid 60 's. Before that time the topic to death was banded. Now death has become a fashionable subject. Through her best selling book " on death and dying" she has alert a new way of handling dying. She has suggested that the people should die in their own homes rather than in a strange hospital. After working with the dying people for a long time, she has pointed out five psychological stages people usually experience when they know that they are going to die soon. These stages are denial, anger or rage, bargaining, depression and acceptance. These reaction are not limited to dying but can take place with any change or lost.
INTERPRETATION
The dying person denies or says "No" when he first knows that he is going to die. The denial makes it easy for him to bear the force of death. At the unconscious level, a person never believes that he will die. From their refusal he begins to hope. Kublor Rose suggest that we should take about death with the patient and arrange to complete all possible things.
Assimilation
When a patient stop denying, he begins to be angry. He is angry seeing other healthy people. When his anger becomes less, he starts to bargaining with god. He wants to become good if he is given some more time to live. After he has accepted his death partially, he becomes depressed. He feels sorry for the past mistakes or incomplete tasks. He want to passed time in isolation. Finally he accept death peacefully and he is not worried about making his life longer. He settles everything. His own diseases also does not worry him. He enjoy the present moment without thinking of the future. He lives the full life.
CHAPTER FORTY ONE
FIVE STAGE OF CRIEF BY LINDA PASTAN
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
When the speaker lost her husband, someone suggest that she should go through the five stage of grief. First of them was denial. She denied his absence and gave him the toast and the paper at the breakfast table. But he hide behind the paper. Then she was angry. Therefore she burned to the toast and took the paper from his hand forcefully and start to read it herself. The third stage was bargaining. What could she exchange for him? What would she gain if she remain silent after quarrelling? Before she decided she was depressed (sad). Their relation was poor and weak. Then she hope for improvement but it was useless. Afterward she accepted his loss but she realize that the matter did not end there. It start again because in conjugal life this kind of grief is a repetitive.
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us that the relation between the husband and the wife is always changing. They can not always live happily compromising with the reality. In their life grief is a circular staircase.
CRITICAL THINKING
Linda Pastan has clearly expressed the bitter experience of a married woman when her relation with her husband becomes bad. This poem is in the form of prose (u3). It sound like drama. The speaker is addressing her husband and pouring (vgfpg') her emotions. The poet has use green and neon for "flickering hope."
ASSIMILATION
When I read this poem I came to know more about the life of the married couple. They have almost similar experiences everywhere in the world. This poem also reminded me of Cublor Ross who has charted five psychological stages of grief.
CHAPTER FORTY TWO
WHERE THE MIND IS WITH OUT FEAR
LITERAL COMPREHENSION
The poet imagines the perfect heaven. There people feel no fear and they are equally respected and they can walk raising their heads. There people can get knowledge freely without any disturbances. The world there is no divided in to smaller countries by any kind on narrow border line. People there will speak the truth and work untiringly until they get perfection. There superstition and tradition do not block the region and people always come to the logical conclusion. In such a world of freedom the poet wants god to awalan (wake up) all his countrymen.
INTERPRETATION
This poem might be trying to tell us the value of reason, knowledge, freedom, universality and honesty. The poet may be trying to create some kind of utopia, that is , an ideal and perfect place where everyone lives in harmony and everything is for the best.
CRITICAL THINKING
This is a prose poem. It is read like a conversation. The poet is talking to the almighty father. It may sound idealistic but it is the poet who can imagine a batter world. This king of should our target. We should try to reach it as closely as possible.
ASSIMILATION
This poem has thought be to live a fearless life. It has also inspired me to live a batter life. It has made me forget my present unhappy condition and imagine a utopian world.
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